Effects of viscosity on the bitterness and astringency of grape seed tannin

To examine the separate effects of viscosity and sweetness on astringency, aqueous solutions of grape seed tannin (GST) were thickened with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from 2 to 45 cP (experiment 1) or sweetened with 0 to 1.8 g/L aspartame (experiment 2). Trained subjects continuously rated astringency and bitterness in duplicate. Subjects were categorized by the salivary flow induced by citric acid and ability to taste n-propyl thiouracil (PROP). In experiment 1, maximum intensity and total duration of astringency were significantly decreased as viscosity rose, although time to maximum intensity of astringency was not affected. Maximum intensity and total duration of bitterness were not significantly affected by increasing viscosity; however, the onset of bitterness was significantly delayed. In experiment 2, increasing sweetness had no affect on any astringency parameter, although maximum intensity of bitterness was significantly decreased. Neither PROP nor salivary flow-status had any effect on perception of bitterness or astringency in either experiment.     

11°BX全麦芽啤酒的工艺研究

介绍了一种全麦芽啤酒生产的新工艺。通过大量的试验与探索，确定了合理的生产工艺条件，解决了全麦芽啤酒酿造时色度深、酸度高、口味粗糙等难题，从而研制出了一种具有淡爽型啤酒特征的11°BX全麦芽啤酒。     

谷胱甘肽对无机盐的增味特性研究

Kokumi味能赋予食物浓厚感、持续感和复杂感。目前关于kokumi味呈味肽与无机盐之间的增味特性方面的研究还未见报道。文章通过单因素实验与正交实验探究增味度、温度、pH对具有kokumi味的谷胱甘肽与无机盐体系的增味特性的影响,结果显示:谷胱甘肽与NaCl体系在温度为40℃、pH 7.0时的增味强度效果最佳,增味度为20;谷胱甘肽与CaCl₂体系在温度为40℃、pH 6.5时的增味效果最佳,增味度为15;谷胱甘肽与KCl体系在温度为45℃、pH 7.0时的增味效果最佳,增味度为15。该研究成果能为调味品的开发提供新的开发思路和理论依据。     

不同香型、不同风格白酒品评的人格化描述

不同香型、不同风格的白酒,其评语大都是用非量化的形容词或艺术化的语言进行描述。这使品酒员对准确把握、记忆各种香型各种风格白酒特点,评判其优劣造成了困难。本文尝试延伸这种艺术化的评语描述,把不同香型、不同风格的白酒,进行人格化地描述,对解决品酒员的上述困难大有裨益。     

汾酒大曲上霉四法

上霉的多少决定汾酒大曲成曲时间的长短,直接影响汾酒的口感香型。     

Modifying Bitterness in Functional Food Systems

The functional foods sector represents a significant and growing portion of the food industry, yet formulation of these products often involves the use of ingredients that elicit less than desirable oral sensations, including bitterness. Promising new functional ingredients, including polyphenolics, may be more widely and readily employed in the creation of novel functional foods if their aversive bitter taste can be significantly reduced. A number of approaches are used by the industry to improve the taste properties and thus the acceptance of conventional foods that elicit excessive bitterness. This article reviews the most commonly employed techniques, including the use of bitter-modifying additives, which may prove useful for successfully introducing new functional ingredients into this rapidly growing sector.     

Effect of starter cultures on properties of soft white cheese made from camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of starter cultures on the physicochemical properties, texture, and consumer preferences of soft white cheese (SWC) made from camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments [starter cultures; i.e., 1 thermophilic (STI-12), 2 blended (RST-743 and XPL-2), and 2 mesophilic (R-707 and CHN-22) cultures]. Starter cultures STI-12 and RST-743 were inoculated at 37°C, whereas XPL-2, R-707, and CHN-22 were inoculated at 30°C. Camel milk inoculated using STI-12 and RST-743 cultures resulted in faster acidification than XPL-2, R-707, and CHN-22 cultures. Camel milk SWC made using STI-12 and CHN-22 cultures gave lower pH (4.54) and titratable acidity (0.59), respectively, whereas R-707 culture resulted in high cheese yield (13.44 g/100 g). In addition, high fat (20.91 g/100 g), protein (17.49 g/100 g), total solids (43.44 g/100 g), and ash (2.40 g/100 g) contents were recorded for SWC made from camel milk made using RST-743 culture. Instrumental analysis of cheese texture revealed differences in resistance to deformation in which camel milk SWC made using RST-743 culture gave higher firmness (3.20 N) and brittleness (3.12 N). However, no significant difference was observed among camel milk SWC adhesiveness made using different starter cultures. Consumer preference for appearance, aroma, taste, and overall acceptances of SWC were affected by inoculation of starter cultures. Considering curd firmness, cheese yield, compositional quality, and textures using STI-12, RST-743, and R-707, these cultures were found to be better for the manufacture of camel milk SWC.     

不同分子量分布的美拉德产物的呈味特性及抗氧化抗菌活性研究

通过超滤及葡聚糖凝胶色谱技术结合将美拉德产物按分子量大小分级成三个组分,即小于1000u、1000～5000u和大于5000u,并评价其在清汤中的风味特性、清除DPPH自由基的能力及对金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑制活性。结果显示,1000～5000u的美拉德产物增强风味的效果最显著,其次是小于1000u的产物,这两种产物对DPPH自由基清除率分别达80%和72%,对四种菌的最低抑制浓度达25～75mg/mL。大于5000u的美拉德产物在较低浓度下清除率达90%,对四种菌的最低抑制浓度为6.25～25mg/mL,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最强,最低抑制浓度达6.25mg/mL。     

Double emulsions (W/O/W): physical characteristics and perceived intensity of salty taste

This study addressed the correlation between physical characteristics of double emulsions and sensory perception, as the microstructure of these systems may provide the mechanism to understanding the initial cause of the altered salty taste. Thus, double emulsions (W/O/W) were prepared using different volumes of the internal aqueous phase while maintaining the same fat and sodium contents in the evaluated systems. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and tween 80 were used as hydrophobic and hydrophilic emulsifiers, respectively. After preparation, the samples were stored at 25 °C for 4 days and submitted to analysis of optical microscopy, distribution and polydispersity of the oil droplets size, electrical conductivity, rheological behaviour and sensorial analysis. It was found that the use of different emulsifier concentrations (PGPR) did not influence the physical characteristics of the emulsions with the same formulation, but emulsions with different internal aqueous phase concentrations presented different results. These distinct characteristics may have influenced sensorial perception, as the emulsion with higher internal phase concentration was considered saltier. Thus, it can be concluded that structural differences of the double emulsions can be used to decrease the sodium contents without perceivable changes in salty taste.     

Nonvolatile taste components,nutritional values,bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of three wild Chanterelle mushrooms

The chemical compositions, nonvolatile taste components and nutritional compounds of three wild edible Chanterelle mushrooms (C. cibarius Fr (CcF), C. cinnabarinus schwein (CcS) and C. tubaeformis Fr (CtF)) were evaluated. Results showed Chanterelle mushrooms were good sources of proteins and carbohydrates with low energy. CcS was rich in trehalose in free sugars and glucose in soluble sugars. Monosodium glutamate‐like free amino acids and flavour 5′‐nucleotides indicated Chanterelle mushrooms had good taste. Based on their amino acids compositions and nutrition evaluations, CcF, CcS and CtF were significant sources of amino acids and protein. CtF showed better protein quality than CcF and CcS. Stearic and oleic acids showed high contents in three mushrooms, and higher unsaturated fatty acids were found in CcF. Three mushrooms had high contents of K, Ca and Mg, and low content of Na. Organic acid and phenolic acids of three mushrooms were identified, and antioxidant activities were evaluated.