Safety tests and antinutrient analyses of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf

BACKGROUND: Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaves have a documented history of food use. However, previous safety and antinutrient studies are absent. The current investigation was conducted to assess the utility of noni leaves as food. RESULTS: No evidence of toxicity or differences in weight gain were observed in acute, subacute, and subchronic oral toxicity tests of ethanol–water (1:1 v/v) and hot‐water extracts of noni leaves in mice at doses of 2000, 200, and 20 mg kg^?1 body weight, respectively. Acute systemic anaphylaxis tests of the ethanol–water (4:1 v/v) and hot‐water extracts were negative. Further, leaf proteins were readily digested in simulated gastric fluid. Tannic acid concentrations in frozen and dried leaf were 1.6 and 25.8 g kg^?1, respectively. Phytic acid was not detected in the raw leaf (<1 g kg^?1). The average oxalic acid content was 1 g kg^?1 and was fairly uniform among 22 leaf samples from 11 islands throughout French Polynesia. Similarly, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β‐sitosterol content did not vary widely, suggesting low inter‐island content variability. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent lack of toxicity of the leaves and the hardiness of the plant make it ideal for further agricultural development, especially where sustained growth of other food crops is difficult. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ethanolic Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf extract dechlorophyllised using sedimentation process: Antioxidant,antibacterial properties and efficacy in extending the shelf-life of striped catfish slices

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic noni leaf extract (ENLE) without and with chlorophyll removal by sedimentation method were comparatively investigated. Total chlorophyll content was reduced by 82% in the top fraction (CR-ENLE) collected after 24 h at 4 °C as compared to that of ENLE. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were lower in the bottom fraction rich in chlorophyll (Chlo-ENLE) than others (P < 0.05). Based on the microbiological limit, the shelf-life of striped catfish slices pre-treated with 400 mg kg⁻¹ C-R-ENLE was extended to 9 days as compared to the 3 days recorded for the control (without pre-treatment). Slices treated with CR-ENLE had lower lipid oxidation than those treated with ENLE during refrigerated storage (P < 0.05). The sedimentation process was therefore a potential green method for producing ENLE having improved antioxidant and antimicrobial activities without green colour. It can be used as a natural additive for shelf-life extension of fish slices.     

Properties and Applications of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review

Morinda citrifolia commonly known as noni is a perennial plant originating in Southeast Asia, consumed over 2000 years. Due to its versatility of adaptation and use of the structures of the plant for different therapeutic purposes, noni attracted the attention of researchers from the pharmaceutical and food industry. Chemical and nutritional analyzes already performed in M. citrifolia reveal the existence of more than 200 phytochemical substances with bioactive properties such as acids, alcohols, phenols, saccharides, anthraquinones, carotenoids, esters, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, lactones, iridoids, ketones, lactones, lignans, nucleosides, triterpenides, sterols, and aromatic compounds. The high nutritional value of M. citrifolia may induce therapeutic effects, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The main industrial products from this plant are beverages (juice drinks), powders (from dried fruits), oil (from seeds), and leaf powders. Biological and phytotherapeutic applications of M. citrifolia are promising, but more extensive studies are still required. Thus, this review aims to gather updated and comprehensive information on Morinda citrifolia, discussing its traditional use, biochemical, phytotherapics, and toxicological properties, as well as the recent advances in the processing and standardization of products derived from noni fruit.     

高效液相色谱法检测诺丽果浆及其中药复方保健品中莨菪亭

为研究诺丽果浆及其中药复方保健品中莨菪亭的高效液相检测方法,优化色谱条件：依利特SinoChromODS-BP色谱柱（4.6 mm×200 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（30∶70,V/V）,流速1 mL/min,柱温25 ℃,进样量20 μL,检测波长348 nm。结果表明,莨菪亭在0.5～20 μg/mL质量浓度范围内与其色谱峰峰面积线性关系良好,回归方程Y=73.86X－0.554（R2=0.999）,诺丽果浆和保健品中莨菪亭测定结果的平均回收率分别为104.05%和97.11%,相对标准偏差分别为0.81%和1.99%。该方法准确可靠,可用于定性、定量测定诺丽果浆及其保健品中的莨菪亭。     

Antioxidant and toxicity tests of roasted noni (Morinda citrifolia) leaf infusion

The antioxidant properties and toxicity profile of roasted noni ( Morinda citrifolia L . ) leaf infusion were evaluated. The 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was greater than green tea infusion (81.6 ± 0.9% vs. 57.5 ± 1.8%, P  < 0.001). The mean quercetin and kaempferol contents of roasted noni leaf infusion, as prepared by the consumer, were 0.24 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.01 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Tannic acid content was 10 ± 1 μg mL⁻¹. The infusion was non-mutagenic in the reverse mutation test in Salmonella typhimurium and did not induce primary DNA damage in E. coli PQ37. Further, no significant primary DNA damage was induced by 5,15-dimethylmorindol, which was the only detectable anthraquinone in noni leaves. The infusion was not cytotoxic in the 24 h brine shrimp toxicity test (LC₅₀ > 1 mg mL⁻¹), nor was there any evidence of acute oral toxicity from the freeze–dried infusion in Sprague–Dawley rats (LD₅₀ > 2000 mg kg⁻¹ b.w.).     

强化发酵对诺丽果成分的影响及抗氧化活性研究

本文在诺丽果自然发酵基础上接种植物乳杆菌进行强化发酵过程的研究,监测和分析发酵全过程诺丽果的各项理化指标、活性成分含量和抗氧化能力的变化规律,为工业化生产高品质诺丽果发酵液提供工艺和技术参考。结果表明:经23 d强化发酵的诺丽果汁综合质量达到最高,其中pH由4.23下降到3.53,总酸由7.99 mg/mL增加到14.95 mg/mL,可溶性蛋白由0.89 mg/mL下降到0.19 mg/mL,总糖由38.13 mg/mL下降到25.14 mg/mL;为诺丽果发酵液带来不良气味的丁酸含量较自然发酵组(NF组)显著降低(P<0.05);活性成分方面,总酚和总黄酮含量分别达到15.538、0.542 mg/mL,较NF组均有显著性提高(P<0.05);槲皮素含量为初始含量的7倍;体外抗氧化试验方面,强化发酵组(IF组)的总抗氧化能力、对DPPH自由基、羟自由基的清除率均高于NF组,且较诺丽鲜果均有显著提高(P<0.05)。综上,选择强化23 d作为诺丽果强化发酵终点,此时与NF组同期相比,诺丽果中活性成分含量和抗氧化能力显著提高,得到的诺丽发酵果汁营养丰富、风味柔和,可作为诺丽果工业化发酵生产的一项优选工艺。     

超临界萃取诺丽籽油工艺研究

本研究以诺丽籽为原料,应用超临界CO2萃取技术提取诺丽籽油,采用响应面试验研究了压力、温度、流速、时间等因素对萃取效果的影响,从而确定出诺丽籽油的适宜萃取条件.研究表明在萃取温度37℃、压力21 MPa,流速20 L/min、提取时间104 min时,诺丽籽油得率最高为20.35%,其中萃取温度和压力对提取率影响较大.     

诺丽果渣成分分析及抗氧化性研究

目的分析诺丽果渣成分及抗氧化活性,为诺丽加工副产物诺丽果渣的开发利用提供理论依据。方法通过分光光度法测定诺丽果渣中的总黄酮、黄酮甙、多糖、皂甙和果胶,采用过氧化氢体系、超氧阴离子体系、羟基自由基体系和Oyaizu法,分别对诺丽果渣水提取物(waterextract,WE)、石油醚提取物(petroleum ether extract, PEE)、乙酸乙酯提取物(ethyl acetate extract, EAE)、氯仿提取物(chloroform extract, CE)和正丁醇提取物(n-butanol extract, BE)的抗氧化活性进行测定和比较。结果诺丽果渣含有总黄酮、黄酮甙、多糖、皂甙和果胶等功能成分,诺丽果渣的5种提取物在过氧化氢体系中,对H_2O_2的清除能力强弱顺序依次为VCCEEAEBEPEEWE;在超氧阴离子体系中,对O_2~-·抗氧化活性强弱顺序依次为VCEAEWEBEPEECE,在羟基自由基氧化体系中,对?OH抗氧化活性强弱,依次为VCBEWEEAEPEECE;还原能力强弱,依次为EAEBECEWEPEE。结论诺丽果渣5种提取物都有抗氧化性,随浓度增大抗氧化能力增强,在不同的自由基体系中,自由基清除能力不同, EAE抗氧化活性较好。     

诺丽酵素抗氧化性能与蛋白质营养价值评价研究

对3种不同发酵时间的诺丽酵素体外抗氧化能力、氨基酸的含量以及蛋白质营养评价进行研究,结果表明：随着发酵时间的 延长,诺丽酵素中总酚含量有轻微上升;3种酵素均具有抗氧化能力,且均表现出显著的浓度依赖性（P＜0.05）,发酵时间长短对其影 响不明显（P＞0.05）;随着发酵时间的延长,蛋白质含量有轻微下降,3种酵素均检测出16种常见蛋白氨基酸和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）, 半胱氨酸（Cys）未检出,GABA含量随着发酵时间的延长有所上升,3种酵素中必需氨基酸含量丰富;9种必需氨基酸得分（AAS）均＞ 100%,比值系数分（SRC）均＞55,单从蛋白质营养价值来说,从高到低依次为：发酵360 d诺丽酵素＞发酵540 d诺丽酵素＞发酵720 d 诺丽酵素。     

超声萃取高效液相色谱法测定诺丽果粉中的莨菪亭、芦丁和槲皮素含量

采用超声萃取高效液相色谱法测定诺丽果粉中的莨菪亭、芦丁和槲皮素含量。为了提高萃取效率,实验系统地优化了影响萃取效率的因素(有机溶剂种类、有机溶剂与水的比例、萃取时间、萃取温度和超声频率)。结果表明,最佳萃取条件:萃取剂为体积分数80%甲醇溶液,萃取时间为30 min,萃取温度为20℃,超声频率为45 k Hz。采用依利特Hypersil ODS柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%三氟乙酸-乙腈溶液作为流动相进行梯度淋洗,流速1.0 m L/min,在检测波长365 nm,柱温25℃条件下,对莨菪亭、芦丁和槲皮素分离检测。方法具有良好的线性关系(r2≥0.999 8)、检出限(≤1.30μg/L)、回收率(90.67%~113.00%)和重复性(相对标准偏差不大于1.46%,n=8)。该方法准确可靠,可用于定性、定量测定诺丽果粉样品中的莨菪亭、芦丁和槲皮素。