马克斯克鲁维酵母高密度发酵条件的优化研究

对影响马克斯克鲁维酵母高密度发酵的培养基营养成分和培养条件展开分析研究。单因素实验发现,YPD作为基础培养基有利于马克斯克鲁维酵母的增殖;培养基成分响应面分析和培养条件正交实验结果表明,当培养基成分为蔗糖67.37 g/L,酵母浸粉29.7 g/L,玉米浆15.61 g/L,KH₂PO₄4.13 g/L,MgSO₄0.3 g/L,初始pH为6.0、发酵温度为30℃、搅拌速度为160 r/min时,发酵培养18 h马克斯克鲁维酵母的生物量最大,为（9.34±0.12）g/L。进一步进行乳饮品发酵实验,优化培养的马克斯克鲁维酵母与乳源培养基培养的马克斯克鲁维酵母,在菌种的生物量和乳饮品的口感风味上无明显差异。因此,优化后的高密度发酵培养基配方和工艺条件适宜于马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的高密度发酵。      

克鲁维酵母突变株UV-G-40-3菊粉酶性质的研究

研究了克鲁维酵母突变株（Ｋｌｕｙｖｅｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ－ＵＶ－Ｇ－４０－３）所产菊粉酶的分布为胞外酶∶胞壁酶∶胞内酶比是５．７∶１．６∶１。该酶Ｓ／Ｉ为５．３,最适温度为５０℃,最适ｐＨ为４．５,在５０℃以下、ｐＨ４．５～８的范围内比较稳定,４℃贮存稳定性好,１４ｄ后仍保持７６％活力,为外切型菊粉酶,酶解粗菊糖（洋姜提取液）活性为纯菊糖的４倍。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母菊粉酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究

马克斯克鲁维酵母产生的孢外菊粉酶经超滤浓缩、DEAE-Cellulose阴离子交换色谱、SephadexG-100凝胶色谱分离纯化,得到两个菊粉酶组分ExoⅠ和ExoⅡ,I/S值分别为0.0249和0.0253,均属外切菊粉酶。ExoⅠ经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶鉴定为均一组分,分子量为85kD。ExoⅠ最适pH值为4.0,最适温度为60℃,Mn2+和Mg2+对酶活力有促进作用,而Cu2+、Fe2+对酶活力有抑制作用,ExoⅠ水解菊粉溶液的产物为果糖和少量葡萄糖。     

Sucrose hydrolysis by gelatin-immobilized inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus var. bulgaricus

The crude cell-free medium from a culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. bulgaricus was immobilized in a gelatin-water support, with an immobilization yield of 82.60% for inulinase activity. The optimum pH for both free and immobilized inulinase was the same (3.5) and the optimum temperatures were 55 °C for the free and 60 °C for the immobilized enzyme. The Arrhenius plots were linear and activation energies were 56.20 (free enzyme) and 20.27 kJ/mol K (immobilized enzyme). The kinetic parameters were calculated by Lineweaver–Burk plots and the V_max and K_m were 37.60 IU/mg protein and 61.83 mM for the free inulinase and 31.45 IU/mg protein and 149.28 mM for the immobilized enzyme, respectively. The operational stability of the immobilized inulinase was studied in a continuous fixed-bed column reactor for 33 days, at the end of which the sucrose conversion was 58.12%.     

超声波协同马克思克鲁维酵母Z17胞内粗酶处理降低乳清蛋白的致敏性

以超声预处理过的乳清蛋白为酶解底物,采用OPA法、ELISA分析等手段,探究马克思克鲁维酵母Z17粗酶水解乳清蛋白、降低乳清蛋白致敏性【以α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)和β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)为抗原性表征】的最优超声预处理-酶解条件。结果表明:乳清蛋白水解度受初始pH值和酶解温度的影响显著,α-LA、β-LG抗原性受初始pH值的影响显著,超声间歇时间和超声功率的交互作用对α-LA、β-LG抗原性影响显著。采用响应面法获得马克思克鲁维酵母Z17转化乳清蛋白的最优酶解条件是:超声间歇时间16 s,超声功率400 W,初始pH 6.16,酶解温度18.48℃,预测α-LA抗原性、β-LG抗原性的降低率达到最大值,分别为65.56%和57.96%。     

RAG1 and RAG2: nuclear genes involved in the dependence/independence on mitochondrial respiratory function for growth on sugars

The analysis of five independent isolates of Kluyveromyces lactis shows that CBS 2359, CBS 683 and CBS 4574 could grow in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors (antimycin A, oligomycin or erythromycin) and that CBS 2360 and CBS 141 were unable to grow in the presence of drugs. The resistant growth was observed only on glucose and not on other fermentable carbon sources (galactose, lactose). The phenotype 'growth on glucose in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors' was called Rag+. This phenotype was found to be controlled by two unlinked nuclear genes: RAG1 and RAG2. Either of their recessive alleles, rag1 and rag2, led to the Rag- phenotype (i.e. the failure of growth on glucose in the presence of antimitochondrial drugs). Rag- strains represent the case in which fermentative growth becomes absolutely dependent on the functioning of the normal respiratory chain.     

克鲁维酵母发酵乳清蛋白水解液生产乳清营养酒的研究

首先通过枯草芽胞杆菌水解乳清中的蛋白质,然后使用能够发酵乳糖的马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的驯化菌株发酵乳清蛋白水解液,经过离心除杂、浓缩、回流酒精、膜分离精致等工艺,制备富含可溶性蛋白肽的营养型低度乳清酒。     

Comparison of volatile compounds produced in model cheese medium deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii or Kluyveromyces marxianus

The aroma of a deacidified cheese medium is the result of the overall perception of a large number of molecules belonging to different classes. The volatile compound composition of (60%) cheese medium (pH 5.8) deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii (DCM(Dh)) was compared with the one deacidified by Kluyveromyces marxianus (DCM(Km)). It was determined by dynamic headspace extraction, followed by gas chromatography separation and quantification as well as by mass spectrometry identification. Whatever the media tested, a first class of volatile compounds can be represented by the ones not produced by any of the yeasts, but some of them are affected by K. marxianus or by D. hansenii. A second class of volatile compounds can be represented by the ones produced by K. marxianus, which were essentially esters. Their concentrations were generally higher than their thresholds, explaining the DCM(Km) global fruity odor. A third class can be represented by the ones generated by D. hansenii, which were essentially methyl ketones with fruity, floral (rose), moldy, cheesy, or wine odor plus 2-phenylethanol with a faded-rose odor. The impact of methyl ketones on the DCMDh global flavor was lower than the impact of 2-phenylethanol and even negligible. Therefore, the global faded-rose odor of D. hansenii DCM can be explained by a high concentration of 2-phenylethanol.