48%盖灌能EC冬春两季防除加拿大一枝黄花试验

[目的]探索高效、节能的加拿大一枝黄花防除办法。[方法]设不同浓度的盖灌能EC、龙拳SG、农达AS、莎阔丹SL、使它隆EC与对照（CK）9个处理来验证防除效果。[结果]冬除药后7 d,除对照外各小区普遍表现叶片发黄、心叶萎蔫,其中48%盖灌能高、低量与20%使它隆处理中毒症状最明显,其次为46%莎阔丹处理。48%盖灌能同75%龙拳复配处理和41%农达处理中毒略轻,中毒最轻的为75%龙拳的两个处理;药后15 d,各用药处理中毒症状进一步加重;春除比冬天见效快。[结论]重发地区宜在春秋两季出苗高峰后连续两次用药,春除时采用48%盖灌能EC 3 L/hm^2或48%盖灌能EC 2 000 ml/hm^2＋75%龙拳SG 150 g/hm^2处理,冬除时除可选用春除配方外,还可使用41%农达AS 4 500 ml/hm^2。连续两次防治后,效果较理想。     

中辽1号杨在辽宁地区引种研究

对20世纪末新引进到辽宁并经初选的12个杨树无性系进行了引种试验研究,通过无性系多点生长对比试验、室内外物候观测、对杨干象抗性评价和材性测试等,筛选出生长快、适应强的杨树新品种中辽1号杨,其材积生长量分别超过当地对照种辽宁杨、沙兰杨、荷兰3930杨和I-214杨14.8%~68.1%。其生长进程中高生长最快期是在5~6年生,连年生长量最大数值达到3.6 m;胸径生长最快期是在3~5年生,连年生长量最大数值达到6.34 cm。而且干型好、材质优良,对杨干象有相对较强的抗性,可作为新品种在其适生区大面积推广。     

Differential levels of antioxidants in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible Erigeron canadensis biotypes in Korea

To characterize the biochemical differences in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Erigeron canadensis L. collected from Korea, we investigated the constitutive levels of various antioxidants such as antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight antioxidants in leaves, as well as after paraquat treatment. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were higher in the paraquat-resistant biotype than in the paraquat-susceptible biotype. Reduced ascorbic acid content was higher in the resistant biotype, but the content of reduced glutathione was higher in the susceptible biotype. These results indicate that one of the paraquat-resistant mechanisms in E. canadensis in the present study might be related to protecting the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase, as well as the contents of low molecular weight antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione.     

AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与菌根植物和非菌根植物种间作用的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis与本地菌根植物和非菌根植物种间竞争格局的调控作用,采用温室盆栽试验,通过接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae(GM)、根内球囊霉G. intraradices(GI)及其混合菌种(GM+GI)3种处理,分析AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与本地菌根植物玉米Zea mays和非菌根植物油菜Brassica campestris种间作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种AM真菌均显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花和玉米的菌根侵染率,菌根侵染率为13.720%～50.015%,且前者的菌根侵染率明显高于后者。单独种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌尤其是接种混合菌种显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数和总干重。在加拿大一枝黄花与玉米混合种植时,与单独种植相比,加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、根长和总干重均较低;同时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了玉米的相对竞争强度而对加拿大一枝黄花的相对竞争强度没有显著影响。在加拿大一枝黄花和油菜混合种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌则显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、净光合速率和总干重;同时,接种AM真菌促进了入侵种的竞争优势而抑制了非菌根植物油菜的生长。说明加拿大一枝黄花与本地种的竞争格局受到与之混生物种的菌根依赖性强度以及AM真菌的种类差异影响。     

加拿大披碱草与老芒麦及其杂种后代同工酶和RAPD遗传分析

对加拿大披碱草、老芒麦、杂种F1、C_0Ⅰ、C_1Ⅰ、C_0Ⅱ和C_1Ⅱ7种材料进行了同工酶和RAPD的分析,旨在通过分子标记方法探讨供试材料的亲缘关系.结果表明:在不同的生育期,EST同工酶酶谱具有较高的多态性,酶谱差异较大,在分蘖期杂种的EST酶谱偏向母本加拿大披碱草,根据该生育时期的酶谱特征可以鉴定杂种后代的的真实性,其他生育时期,EST酶带偏向父本老芒麦,而且没有明显的差异.SOD酶谱的差异只是体现在表达量的多少上,并没有出现特异性的条带.RAPD分析表明,加拿大披碱草与老芒麦的遗传一致度为0.72,遗传距离为0.328 5,在7种材料中亲缘关系最远;杂种后代与母本加拿大披碱草的遗传距离较近,而与父本老芒麦的亲缘关系相对较远;因此用RAPD分析材料的遗传关系更为合适.     

Restoring wetland biodiversity using research: Whole‐community facilitation by beaver as framework

• 1. Wetlands are declining worldwide, and there is a great need for their restoration and creation. One natural agent of wetland engineering is beavers, Castor spp., which have returned or are returning to many parts of their former range.
• 2. We initially studied the facilitative effect of the beaver Castor canadensis on a waterbird community consisting of three waders and four ducks in boreal wetlands in southern Finland. Both waterbird species diversity and abundance increased when beavers impounded a pond. Common teal Anas crecca and green sandpiper Tringa ochropus were the species showing the most positive numerical response, but the other five species also increased upon flooding.
• 3. This article evaluates how the results of the study have been used in management, both in theory and practice. The whole‐community facilitation concept has been taken up in numerous articles considering the restorative effects of beavers. It has also been used as ecological background when planning and executing man‐made wetland projects in Finland within both the public and the private sectors.
• 4. Our study and its publication in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems have set a foundation for further evidence‐based management of waterbird communities. As the results show, having beavers as wetland managers is a feasible tool for creating and restoring wetlands for waterbirds and other biota. Moreover, wetland restoration projects are becoming more popular endeavours, owing to an understanding of the diverse benefits of wetlands. Flooding by beavers is used as a model for managers when creating man‐made wetlands; for example, in urban areas where it is difficult to maintain beavers.

     

加拿大一枝黄花利害分析

加拿大一枝黄花主要存在三个方面的问题,它在自然环境中竞争力极强,使本土多种杂草灭绝,逐渐形成单一优势群落,影响生物多样性,破坏生态平衡,是一种恶性杂草。同时,加拿大一枝黄花也有不少可用之处,是一种资源,譬如在沙漠地区用作防风固沙的草种;在长江、黄河上游地区引种,可保持水土作用;加拿大一枝黄花的叶和花可以提取精油,或者制成中药等;加拿大一枝黄花可替代木材,加工造纸,生产一次性餐具或者其他产品;还可用作培养食用菌的基质材料等等。所以,作者认为,必须正确认识加拿大一枝黄花的利害关系,给以客观地分析评价、开发利用。我们的策略是“深入研究、主动控制、合理利用”的12字方针,才能使加拿大一枝黄花趋利避害,为人类造福。     

加拿大一枝黄花对紫花苜蓿和红苋菜的化感效应研究

研究了加拿大一枝黄花地上部分（茎和叶）、地下部分（根茎和细根）和根际土壤的水浸提液对紫花苜蓿和红苋菜两种经济作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）地上部分、地下部分和根际土壤的浸提液对紫花苜蓿种子的萌发均起抑制作用,而对红苋菜种子的萌发具有一定促进作用。（2）地上部分的浸提液对紫花苜蓿和红苋菜的苗高、根长以及紫花苜蓿的根重均表现出抑制作用,而对红苋菜的根重更多的是表现出促进作用。（3）地下部分的浸提液对紫花苜蓿和红苋菜的苗高、根长以及根重（粗）均表现出抑制作用。（4）根际土壤的浸提液对紫花苜蓿的根长以及根重均表现出抑制作用,而对苗高起促进作用;对红苋菜的根长起抑制作用,而对苗高和根重既起促进作用又起抑制作用。（5）相同浓度的水浸液对作物幼根的影响大于对作物苗高的影响。（6）当浸提液的浓度变化时,不同作物种子的萌发和幼苗生长的响应对策呈显著差异。     

加拿大一枝黄花的抑菌性研究

以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、米根霉和酿酒酵母为供试菌种,研究了加拿大一枝黄花叶提取物的抑菌性、最低抑菌浓度及与一些抗菌药品的抑菌性比较。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶提取物对6种供试菌都有一定的抑制作用,抑制性大小顺序为枯草芽孢杆菌>大肠杆菌>酿酒酵母>黑曲霉>米根霉>金黄色葡萄球菌,对供试菌的最低抑菌浓度都在0.002 5 g/ml以下。提取物的抑菌效果与链霉素、四环素、氨苄西林等药品相差较大。