Aluminium content of Spanish infant formula

Levels of aluminium in 82 different infant formulae from nine different manufacturers in Spain were determined by acid-microwave digestion and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The influence of aluminium content in tap water in reconstituted powder formulae was examined and an estimate was made of the theoretical toxic aluminium intake in comparison with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Possible interactions between aluminium and certain essential trace elements added to infant formulations have been studied according to the type or main protein-based infant formula. In general, the infant formulae contained a higher aluminium content than that found in human milk, especially in the case of soya, preterm or hydrolysed casein-based formulae. Standard formulae gave lower aluminium intakes amounting to about 4% PTWI. Specialized and preterm formulae resulted in a moderate intake (11-12 and 8-10% PTWI, respectively) and soya formulae contributed the highest intake (15% PTWI). Aluminium exposure from drinking water used for powder formula reconstitution was not considered a potential risk. In accordance with the present state of knowledge about aluminium toxicity, it seems prudent to call for continued efforts to standardize routine quality control and reduce aluminium levels in infant formula as well as to keep the aluminium concentration under 300 μg l^-1 for all infant formulae, most specifically those formulae for premature and low birth neonates.     

用潜坝对抚州市南区水厂取水口淤沙进行治理

多沙河流中的水厂取水口，枯水期经常存在淤沙，影响抽水。以往的治理方法多是采用丁坝群束水冲沙，但坝田淤高有碍行洪，对城市防洪不利．南区水厂采用潜坝方案，兼顾防洪．通航等要求，缩小治理范围，用十分简易的方法获得成功，且投资更省，值得在类似工程中推广运用．     

Chlorophyll and plankton of the Gulf coastal waters of Saudi Arabia bordering a desalination plant

As on land, plants are the real producers in the sea, and on them depend all marine living resources and the basic sustainability of ecosystems. Primary production is performed by chlorophyll-bearing plants ranging from the tiny phytoplankton to the giant kelps through the process ofphotosynthesis. Zooplankton play an important role as secondary producers, and together with phytoplankton they support the vast assemblages of marine food chain with all their diversity and complexity. Data on chlorophyll pigments, phytoplankton and zooplankton are regarded as a sound basis for environmental appraisal of ecosystems. This paper presents a set of data collected from the Saudi Arabian coastal waters near the desalination plants in AI-Jubail. Materials were collected from six different sites covering the intake and discharge zones during cruises carried out in 1997-1998. Analyses of chlorophyll pigments were made using the spectrophotometric method. Plankton samples were collected using a Nansen plankton net with a mesh size of 75 μ and analyzed following standard procedures. Chlorophyll a, b, c and phaeophytin are the most commonly occurring pigments in seawater. Their concentrations showed wide fluctuation. The phytoplankton community was composed of 35 genera representing the Diatoms, Dinoflagellates and blue- green algae. Zooplankton were composed ofProtozoa, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata. Arthropoda, represented by Cladocera, Copepoda and Crustacean larvae, formed the largest group followed by Chordata. The distribution of phyto- and zooplankton was examined and discussed on a seasonal, annual and inter-annual basis. In terms of species, overall species composition was not affected by plant discharge. The study brings out a greater understanding of the changes experienced by biotic communities as a result of impingement, entrainment and entrapment consequent to water passage through the plant structures. The study reflects the ecological relationships that the phytoplankton and the zooplankton of the region possess with respect to intake and discharge. Further, the study has brought to light a very redeeming feature of the ecosystem to sustain its productivity and planktonic abundance. It was observed that seawater temperature, conductivity and total suspended solids did not act as limiting factors. Besides throwing much light on the little known biological aspects of desalination sites, the data provided constitute a significant addition to the knowledge base of marine living resources in an industrial zone of Gulf coastal waters.     

基于全可变气门汽油机进气量测量和控制问题研究

基于全可变气门运动机构的气门参数控制燃烧技术是改善传统SI汽油机燃油经济性,提高动力性和降低排放的最为有效的途径之。但是这也对发动机进气量的测量和控制提出了更高的要求。本文通过仿真和试验相结合的方法,对基于全可变气门机构汽油机进气量测量和控制问题进行了探讨和研究。     

电控高压共轨柴油机匹配的研究

在一台多缸柴油机上进行了电控共轨系统的匹配,希望能满足欧-Ⅲ的排放法规和低油耗的要求.通过试验,研究分析进气涡流强度、喷油嘴结构尺寸等参数对柴油机性能和排放的影响.结果表明：高压喷射时,随喷孔数增加,喷孔直径减小,颗粒排放显著下降,油耗降低,但NOx排放增加.     

新型空气动力发动机进气门的研究

为实现气动发动机利用外界较高压力空气推动气缸内活塞并对外输出动力,本文设计一种利用电磁装置的新型进气门结构,它结构简单,能够实现对大流量高压气体的流量调节,使其能很好的满足气体发动机的工作要求。     

轿车进气歧管成型工艺与成套注塑模具设计

以发动机进气歧管为例,在详细分析组成进气歧管的底壳和面盖结构、注塑成型材料及各塑件壁厚,运用MFI 2015分别对底壳和面盖最佳浇口位置进行了仿真分析。针对底壳和面盖质量不同、壁厚不同、成套生产而各个制品的壁厚必须均匀、有隔离凸台和众多加强筋等特点,确定本注塑模具采用三浇口+热流道+冷流道组成的混合式浇注系统方案;运用MFI对影响产品品质的充填时间、速度/压力切换时的压力、模流末端压力、流动前沿温度、锁模力、气穴、熔接线、缩痕等进行了详细分析与探讨;运用UG软件对模具型腔、型芯,底壳上方形管口A的成型,顶出与加强支承结构、模具整体等进行了分析设计。创造性地使用了由导柱导套+圆锥定位+方形块定位+楔紧镶块+厚薄调整垫组成的"五位一体"精度保证与保持系统,同时也使用了厚度调整垫,保证了型腔型芯的组合和开合模的精准。经生产证明:模具结构合理、动作可靠、产品成型完整、质量达到设计要求。     

进气道生产一致性对汽油机性能影响及设计优化

采用AVL TIPPLEMAN气道稳态试验台对某现生产气道喷射汽油机缸盖气道性能进行批量测试,结果显示该发动机缸盖气道生产一致性较差。选择了其中高中低3种滚流水平缸盖进行发动机性能试验。试验发现,生产偏差造成的滚流差异对性能有较大的影响,低滚流气道有利于该发动机外特性提升。为此进行了进气道性能鲁棒性CFD模拟分析,研究了气道偏移对气道性能的影响,并通过优化气道局部结构,显著改善了缸盖气道性能设计鲁棒性,优化后气道滚流对气道偏移的敏感度降低了50%,并进行了气道试验验证和发动机性能试验。     

柴油机进气道转缸试验新方法

本文提出了一种新的柴油机转缸试验方法即在现有气道稳流模拟试验台的条件下利用研制的柴油机试验缸盖及单独进气道进行柴油机转缸试验介绍了用该方法对四气门柴油机试验缸盖所做的试验结果分析表明这种新方法简化了SWRI美国西南研究所转缸试验对试验台的特殊要求使转缸试验易于操作和实现     

进气道和燃烧室形状对火花点火发动机燃烧过程影响的研究

本文针对ＣＡ６１０２发动机燃烧慢、循环变动率偏大等问题，对进气道和燃烧室进行了改进。研究了不同进气道和燃烧结构（六种匹配方案）对燃烧过程和性能的影响，发现涡流比和性能之间无单调的相关关系，与燃烧期之间存在二次抛物线型的逆变相关关系，ＣＡ６１０２发动机合适的涡流比在０．９左右，燃烧室设计因素中火花塞的位置对燃烧过程和性能影响最大，火花塞靠近中心布置方案同原机相比，最低燃油消耗率降低了４．１％，最大扭