加气混凝土砌块在建筑中的应用

蒸压加气混凝土是一种新型的节能、环保墙体材料 ,它在基本建设中运用具有良好的综合经济效益和社会效益。这里以加气混凝土在建筑中的应用实例 ,从材料、施工、抹灰及存在的问题等方面论述了它的运用情况 ,可供有关设计和施工人员参考。     

菲莱氏温扬球虫(Wenyonella philiplevinei)受精和卵囊壁形成的超微结构研究

本文利用透射电镜研究了寄生于家鸭小肠上皮细胞的菲莱氏温扬球虫的受精和卵囊壁的形成过程。作者在感染后96 h 的样品中发现一例大、小配子已受精;小配子已进入大配子中,大配子胞质中有一根纵切的鞭毛,小配子的核呈流体状,位于大配子核附近。卵囊壁是由成囊颗粒内含物进入合子表面的膜之间沉积成层而形成。成囊颗粒Ⅰ形成外层卵囊壁,成囊颗粒Ⅱ形成内层卵囊壁。沉积于膜之间的成囊颗粒Ⅰ内含物逐渐浓缩,堆积成颗粒状,使卵囊壁外层外表面形成颗粒状突起。成熟的卵囊壁由三层组成:即薄的外周膜、外层和内层。其内的合子原生质还被两层单位膜包裹。     

破壁蜂花粉对蛋鸡免疫功能及肠道菌群的影响

试验将槐花蜂花粉进行振动磨超微粉碎破壁,分别按1 g/kg、5 g/kg、10 g/kg三个不同剂量混到蛋鸡饲料中,从7日龄开始饲喂至50日龄,每个剂量分两个试验,试验一用新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗免疫雏鸡,利用β-微量法监测血清中的血凝抑制抗体效价的动态变化;试验二用大肠杆菌油乳苗免疫雏鸡,利用间接血凝法监测血清中大肠杆菌抗体效价的动态变化。分别定期称重捕杀取脾、胸腺、法氏囊,计算免疫器官指数,取肠道内容物计数大肠杆菌和乳酸菌,测定肠道内pH值。结果表明,不同剂量的破壁蜂花粉均能不同程度地提高病毒抗原性抗体效价和菌体抗原性抗体效价,对雏鸡免疫器官的发育以及肠道内环境、菌群的平衡也有一定影响。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

配筋混凝土砌块高层设计时应注意的几个问题

针对配筋混凝土砌块高层设计,提出砌块空腔墙的应用,注意合理设置水平配筋,配筋砌块深梁,控制底框房屋层间抗侧刚度比及高层墙体的裂缝问题.     

酵母细胞壁多糖在动物生产中的应用

酵母细胞壁多糖(YCP)作为一种天然绿色的添加剂,具有促进动物生长发育、提高动物生产性能、保护动物肠道健康和增强动物免疫力等诸多功能,可以有效替代抗生素在动物饲料中广泛使用.本文就YCP的组成结构以及在动物生产中的应用进行综述,为其进一步的研究和利用提供理论依据.     

青贮饲料对青贮池墙体侧压力的试验研究

研究青贮饲料对青贮池墙体的侧压力对青贮池结构设计至关重要。为定量分析青贮饲料装填以及车辆碾压饲料时墙体的受力状态,以北京三元绿荷奶牛养殖中心半截河奶牛场青贮池为研究对象,在青贮池墙体上布置压力计,研究了侧压力大小及其变化规律。结果表明：装填青贮饲料时,自墙顶向下在深度为0.65～1.37 m时,侧压力平均值随深度增大而增大;在深度为1.37～2.05 m时,侧压力平均值随深度增加的幅度较小。推土机碾压饲料会增加墙体侧压力,并且侧压力值随推土机和墙体之间距离的变小而增大。侧压力增加值与压力计埋深无明显相关关系。     

温湿度调控对番茄灰霉病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的影响

 番茄灰霉病菌在致病过程中能够产生4种细胞壁降解酶,以PMG酶活性最高,其次是β-葡萄糖苷酶和PG酶,Cx最少。灰霉病菌在不同温度下侵染番茄叶片时产生的致病酶活性不同,4种酶在20℃时表现了最高的活性,15℃次之,当温度达到25℃时,各种酶的活性都急剧下降,随着温度的再升高,酶活更低。随着湿度的增高,病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的活性也增加,当相对湿度达到90%以上时,4种酶的活性也达到最高。温湿度对番茄灰霉病菌产生细胞壁降解酶的影响趋势,与其对发病的影响趋势是一致的。     

装配式地下粮仓钢板-混凝土组合仓壁轴压受力性能分析

为了研究装配式地下粮仓钢板-混凝土组合仓壁的轴压力学性能,该研究在仓壁试件轴压试验的基础上,对仓壁试件进行非线性有限元分析,模拟试件加载的全过程,进一步分析试件及其组件在加载过程中的受力性能及工作机理,并对钢板强度、混凝土强度、距厚比等不同的参数影响规律进行了分析。结果表明：有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,在最大试验载荷5 000 kN时模拟轴向压缩总变形与试验平均轴向压缩总变形相对差值为4.2%,建立的有限元模型适用;在弹性阶段仓壁预制块部位混凝土和接头部位止水钢板分别承担了79.7%和50.9%的荷载,峰值荷载主要由混凝土和传力钢板决定,达到峰值荷载后接头部位止水钢板承担更大的荷载,增强止水钢板可以改善试件的延性;相较钢板强度、距厚比和止水钢板厚度,混凝土强度对仓壁试件的初始刚度和峰值荷载影响最大,混凝土强度、钢板强度、距厚比和止水钢板厚度对峰值荷载回归得到的回归系数值分别为0.910、0.154、−0.005和0.301;止水钢板的强度和厚度较小时,试件易发生脆性破坏;结合设计参数分析中得到的荷载-变形曲线,提出2种荷载-变形模型曲线,进一步提出装配式钢板-混凝土组合仓壁轴压峰值荷载简化计算式,得到的计算峰值荷载与有限元峰值荷载相对差值均不超过9%,计算结果具有较高的精度。研究结果可为装配式地下粮仓仓壁的工程设计提供指导和参考。     

浅谈地下车站侧墙大块定型移动模架施工技术

随着城市地铁的飞速发展,地铁车站在条件满足的情况下大都采用明挖法施工。在施工主体侧墙时采用满堂红支架法施工,但因施工时工期较长且易存在一些质量通病,因此,近年来大块定型移动模架被得到了广泛的应用。