Chicks and chickens maintained under commercial conditions were vaccinated against Newcastle Disease via drinking water. Prior and after different times of vaccination blood samples were drawn from different numbers of birds and checked for HI antibodies. The modes of distribution of the antibody titers within the random sample were assayed. The following results were obtained:
1. 1. On the basis of the distribution of the serum titers can be concluded whether the antibody level within a flock is increasing or decreasing.
◦ —A right steep asymmetry can be observed up to 20 days post vaccination.
◦ —In the phase of maximal antibody levels an almost symmetric distribution of the titers is present.
◦ —In later times (more than three weeks p. vacc.) the distribution shows a left steep asymmetry (Poisson distribution).
2. 2. A poisson distribution is also observable during the elimination of maternal antibodies of chicks until complete elimination.
3. 3. The mode of distribution of the HI titers in sera of day-old chicks correlates with the mode of distribution of the dams. Therefore, conclusions are possible from the status of the chicks to the dams and reverse.
4. 4. Factors which interfere with the mode of distribution are:
◦ —Two or more peaks after vaccination of chickens. This indicates an uneven immune response within the flock.
◦ —Distributions with several peaks may also occur if flocks are composed of day-old chicks from parent flocks with different levels of antibody titers.
Résumé
Des poulets et des poussins maintenus dans un élevage conventionnel furent vaccinés contre la maladie de Newcastle par un vaccin administré dans l'eau de boisson. Avant et à différents temps après vaccination, des échantillons de sang furent prélevés sur un certain nombre de poussins et les anticorps inhibants de l'hémagglutination furent recherchés. Les modes de la distribution des titres en anticorps pour les échantillons pris au hasard furent recherchés. Les résultats suivants furent obtenus:
1. 1. Sur la base de la distribution des titres sériques, on peut conclure si le taux en anticorps à l'intérieur d'une population a augmenté ou diminué.
◦ —Une courbe asymétrique avec un pic déplacé vers la droite peut être observée 20 jours après la vaccination.
◦ —La phase correspondant au taux maximal en anticorps présente une distribution presque normale.
◦ —Plus tard, (au-delà de 3 semaines après la vaccination), la distribution apparaît asymétrique avec un déplacement vers la gauche (distribution de Poisson).
2. 2. Une distribution de Poisson peut aussi être observée au moment de l'élimination des anticorps d'origine maternelle chez des poussins jusqu'à complète élimination.
3. 3. Le mode de distribution des titres en anticorps inhibant l'hémagglutination dans des sérums de poussins d'un jour correspond au mode de distribution observé chez les mères. Des conclusions peuvent donc être faites à partir de l'état immunologique des poussins vis-à-vis des mères et viceversa.
4. 4. Les facteurs qui peuvent intervenir dans le mode de distribution sont:
◦ —Deux pics ou plus après la vaccination des poussins. Ceci indique qu'il existe une réponse immunitaire inégale dans la population.
◦ —Des distributions avec plusieurs pics peuvent être également observées si les populations sont composées de poussins de un jour provenant de populations parentales ayant des taux différents de titres en anticorps.
The commercial furunculosis vaccine Aquavac Furovac 5 and an autogenous vaccine, based on the challenge strain, induced immune protection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), as shown in challenge tests 120 days post-immunization by injection (relative percentage of survival, RPS = 72-99%). This protective effect lasted for at least 6 months post-immunization at appreciable levels (RPS = 50-52%). Neither the autogenous vaccine nor the commercial vaccine was able to induce significant levels of protection against Aeromonas salmonicida in turbot when administered by immersion. Antibody levels were high or moderate in fish vaccinated by injection with the different vaccines and very low in fish vaccinated by immersion. The field results show that delivering an oral boost after the primary vaccination by injection did not enhance protection of turbot against furunculosis and that water-based (autogenous vaccine) and oil adjuvanted (Alpha Ject 1200) vaccines administered by injection conferred similar levels of protection (RPS > 80%) in turbot. 相似文献
We recently showed that two immunochromatography point-of-care FIV antibody test kits (Witness FeLV/FIV and Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV) were able to correctly assign FIV infection status, irrespective of FIV vaccination history, using whole blood as the diagnostic specimen. A third FIV antibody test kit, SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo (an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), was unable to differentiate antibodies produced in response to FIV vaccination from those incited by FIV infection. The aim of this study was to determine if saliva is a suitable diagnostic specimen using the same well characterized feline cohort. FIV infection status of these cats had been determined previously using a combination of serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and virus isolation. This final assignment was then compared to results obtained using saliva as the diagnostic specimen utilizing the same three point-of-care FIV antibody test kits and commercially available PCR assay (FIV RealPCR). In a population of cats where one third (117/356; 33%) were FIV-vaccinated, both immunochromatography test kits accurately diagnosed FIV infection using saliva via a centrifugation method, irrespective of FIV vaccination history. For FIV diagnosis using saliva, the specificity of Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV and Witness FeLV/FIV was 100%, while the sensitivity of these kits was 96% and 92% respectively. SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo had a specificity of 98% and sensitivity of 44%, while FIV RealPCR testing had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 72% using saliva. A revised direct method of saliva testing was trialed on a subset of FIV-infected cats (n = 14), resulting in 14, 7 and 0 FIV positive results using Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV, Witness FeLV/FIV and SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo, respectively. These results demonstrate that saliva can be used to diagnose FIV infection, irrespective of FIV vaccination history, using either a centrifugation method (Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV and Witness FeLV/FIV) or a direct method (Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV). Collection of a saliva specimen therefore provides an acceptable alternative to venipuncture (i) in fractious cats where saliva may be easier to obtain than whole blood, (ii) in settings when a veterinarian or trained technician is unavailable to collect blood and (iii) in shelters where FIV testing is undertaken prior to adoption but additional blood testing is not required. 相似文献
