城市空间形态定量化研究进展

对国内外学者有关城市空间形态定量化的研究方法作了回顾与总结,主要介绍了基于GIS的定量分析法和分形维数法,并简要地对各种方法作了评论,使读者对目前在这一方面的研究情况有所了解,以便明确进一步深入研究的方向.     

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.     

The effects of agricultural fields and human settlements on the use of rivers by wildlife in the mid-Zambezi valley,Zimbabwe

After the eradication of the Tse-Tse fly in the Mid-Zambezi valley, human settlements and fields extended mainly along the main rivers. In order to investigate the consequences of this human development on wildlife diversity we monitored three rivers of the Mid-Zambezi valley in Zimbabwe: Angwa, Manyame and Kadzi. The rivers were divided in segments of 200 m which were checked for spoors in order to assess the number of species and the number of individuals that used the segments. Human settlements were also recorded. We used a GIS to define the spatial characteristics of the fields present along the rivers, and related them to the distribution and abundance of wild species spoors in the river beds and banks. Our results show that the number of species in one segment of the river decreased with the increasing size of the field area bordering the segment. For all the major ungulate species, the numbers of individuals recorded per segment decreased with increasing field area. A similar trend was observed for small and medium-sized carnivores, though they were in lower numbers when present. Our analyses thus confirm that the extension of human agriculture in wildlife areas has an impact on most wild species, but we also define some threshold value of field size above which there seem to be an acceleration of the decrease in wildlife density and diversity: 3.2 ha for medium and small herbivores and carnivores; only the elephant seem to tolerate larger field area with a threshold value of 32 ha.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于GIS的丹东地区柞蚕农业气候区划

根据当地柞蚕实际生产与气象条件的关系,确定了柞蚕生产的农业气候区划指标.运用丹东地区1:250000地形数据和丹东及周边地区气象站30年的气候资料,建立区划指标小网格推算模型,应用GIS技术对丹东地区柞蚕生产进行气候区划,将该区划分为气候最适宜区、气候适宜区、气候次适宜区和气候不适宜区,为丹东柞蚕生产的合理布局和发展提供参考依据.     

DEM在林火行为模拟中的应用

林火行为具有时间和空间特征,利用DEM(Digital Elevation Model)对林火行为进行3维模拟是一个很有前景的研究方向。本研究利用ArcView实现DEM数据源的提取、模型转换,通过林相图和地形图的配准,将影响林火蔓延的可燃物因子与DEM结合,进行效果图显示,为林火行为的3维模拟进行了有益的实践。     

基于GIS和虚拟现实技术的驾驶训练、绩效测评系统开发

文章分析了基于人因工程学原理构建虚拟驾驶训练、绩效测评系统的特点,系统运用人因工程学原理设计,人机交互界面友善、交互性强、可视化效果增强,探讨了系统的软硬件结构及作用机理,给出了系统开发思路及流程-模型数据获取、数据处理、Creator建模、Vega程序设计和系统测试,应用GIS、虚拟现实技术和虚拟GIS技术建立了集汽车驾驶虚拟训练、驾驶员操作绩效数据获取、交通事故重现于一体的多功能虚拟系统。     

Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape

Patch modeling can be used to scale-up processes to portray landscape-level dynamics. Via direct extrapolation, a heterogeneous landscape is divided into its constituent patches; dynamics are simulated on each representative patch and are weighted and aggregated to formulate the higher level response. Further extrapolation may be attained by coarsening the resolution of or lumping environmental data (e.g., climatic, edaphic, hydrologic, topographic) used to delimit a patch.Forest patterns at the southern boreal/northern hardwood transition zone are often defined by soil heterogeneity, determined primarily by the extent and duration of soil saturation. To determine how landscape-level dynamics predicted from direct extrapolation compare when coarsening soil parameters, we simulated forest dynamics for soil series representing a range of drainage classes from east- central Maine. Responses were aggregated according to the distribution of soil associations comprising a 600 ha area based on local- (1:12,000), county- (1:120,000) and state- (1:250,000) scale soil maps. At the patch level, simulated aboveground biomass accumulated more slowly in poorer draining soils. Different soil series yielded different communities comprised of species with various tolerances for soil saturation. When aggregated, removal of waterlogging caused a 20–60% increase in biomass accumulation during the first 50 years of simulation. However, this early successional increase and the maximum level of biomass accumulation over a 200 year period varied by as much as 40% depending on the geospatial data. This marked discrepancy suggests caution when extrapolating with forest patch models by coarsening parameters and demonstrates how rules used to rescale environmental data need to be evaluated for consistency.     

唐徕渠灌区用水管理系统可视化研究

以宁夏银川唐徕渠灌区为例,通过VB与GIS技术相集成,利用GIS的空间信息管理和分析功能,将已成熟的图形技术与数据库技术揉合在一起,建立了具有可视化的灌区用水管理系统.整个系统从功能上可分为基本信息模块、水量调配模块、水量统计模块、水费计算模块、用水总结模块、电子地图7个模块.系统能够实现灌区管理数据编辑、添加、删除和查找,进行灌溉渠系水量调配以及水费计算、编制用水总结等.并应用Mapinfo的基本功能开发的查询工具,实现灌区相关信息的直观、迅速的可视化查询与特定信息检索,为灌区管理者提供了方便、快捷的管理软件.     

基于GIS的重庆市丘陵山地耕地质量评价与比较

利用农用地分等自然质量等指数模型,结合分模块控制的方法实现区域间等指数可比,对重庆市丘陵山地4个代表县耕地质量进行了评价。利用MapGIS采用多图层叠加确定评价单元并获取单元属性数据;建立省内2级区间可比的自然质量分综合评判模型;通过采用同能量标准化产量和引入光温协调系数,改进对光温潜力指数的加和。结果表明：丘陵区大足、低山丘陵区梁平以中高等地为主,低中山区彭水以中低等地为主,中山区巫溪以低中等地为主,地势起伏对丘陵山地耕地总体质量具有重要的影响。评价方法能实现跨区域和跨耕作制度间等指数的可比性,提高耕地质量评价的精度。     

基于GIS系统的土地利用数据建库模式研究

结合江苏省土地利用基础图件与数据更新调查,从技术路线、作业方法、数据库内容、数据库平台、数据组织、处理和存储等方面分别探讨了建设城乡一体化地籍数据库、建设大于1:1万比例尺的土地利用更新调查数据库及建设1:1万比例尺的土地利用现状数据库等3种基于GIS技术的土地利用数据建库模式;比较了3种模式的异同,并对建立土地利用数据库进行了较为深入的研究。