浒苔的危害及防治

根据2008年山东沿岸海域浒苔灾害的现实,结合已有工作,从浒苔生长特征、暴长形成“绿潮”的原因、浒苔滋生、繁衍的危害及关于浒苔灾害的防治等方面进行初步探讨、分析。     

马尾藻海藻多糖生物活性研究新进展

近年来的研究表明,马尾藻中富含多种新型生物活性化合物,如海藻多酚、海藻多糖及多种硫酸多糖衍生物。在分离出的生物活性成分中,海藻多糖因其具有良好的保健作用和药用效果而备受关注。同时,有大量研究已经证明,马尾藻海藻多糖对人类疾病的预防以及恢复具有积极效果。因此,本文对近年来马尾藻海藻多糖的抗凝血、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗血管生成和抗炎症活性的最新进展进行了综述,以期能助推马尾藻海藻多糖的研究,并且协助填补理论研究与工业应用之间的知识鸿沟。     

海藻多糖对小鼠骨髓放射性急性损伤的保护作用

目的：观察中药海藻多糖对小鼠骨髓放射性急性损伤的保护作用。方法：检测小鼠骨髓有核细胞总数、DNA含量及嗜多色性红细胞微核率。结果：小鼠接受2Gy γ射线照射后，小鼠骨髓有核细胞总数、DNA含量明显降低(P＜0．01)，骨髓嗜多色性红细胞微核率明显升高(P＜0．01)；20、40mg/kg剂量的海藻多糖能有效防止照射小鼠骨髓有核细胞总数、DNA含量降低(P＜0．05)；10、20、40mg/kg剂量的海藻多糖能防止照射小鼠骨髓嗜多色性红细胞微核率升高(P＜0．05)。结论：中药海藻多糖预防性给药对小鼠骨髓放射性急性损伤有一定的保护作用。     

海藻肥等不同施肥处理对土壤氮素矿化及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明海藻肥及不同施肥方式的氮素养分释放规律和对作物吸收的影响,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了等氮量施用海藻肥（S）与有机肥（M）、化肥（NPK）等不同施肥处理对菜园土壤氮矿化和春白菜氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理对土壤氮矿化量的影响差异显著。土壤矿化的无机氮含量变化主要受土壤硝态氮（NO3--N）含量高低的影响,土壤铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量始终保持较低含量水平,且变化幅度较小。各处理春白菜采收期干物重为：施化肥（NPK）>施海藻肥（S）>有机肥与海藻肥配施（MS）,除有机肥与化肥配施（MNPK）外,其他处理间的干物重差异不显著。供试条件下,土壤氮素表观净矿化率和春白菜的吸氮量均为NPK>S>MS>CK,M和MNPK低于不施肥（CK）处理。氮肥利用率以NPK处理最高,达到67.7%,S和MS处理分别为46.9%和4.8%。各处理春白菜采收期干物重与吸氮量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.9213,n=18）,说明作物吸氮量对产量的形成具有重要作用。S与NPK处理在相同施氮量条件下对春白菜增产作用基本相同。     

镉在海藻中的化学形态

利用化学试剂逐步提取法研究了紫菜、海带、裙带菜和羊栖菜中镉的存在化学形态。研究结果表明:镉以多种化学形态存在于4种海藻中,1 mol/L氯化钠提取态镉和 2% 醋酸提取态的镉所占比例较大,两者约占总镉含量的76.3%～92.9%。0.6 mol/L盐酸提取态、去离子水提取态和80%乙醇提取态镉所占比例较小,其中乙醇提取态(离子态镉)约仅占总镉含量的0.4%～9.2%,且对于4种海藻,紫菜中的离子态镉所占比例最低(均小于1%)。实验进一步证实以海藻中总镉含量作为检测标准不能准确反映海藻及其制品的食用安全性,因此亟需建立海藻中针对毒性较强的离子态镉的检测标准限量和快速有效的检测方法,以保障我国海藻产业和出口创汇经济的顺利发展。     

贻贝浮筏养殖设施水动力效应及附生海藻碎屑输运的数值模拟

基于三维海洋数值模式(estuarine coastal ocean model, semi-implicit, Ecom-si)对枸杞岛邻近贻贝养殖海域的水动力进行了数值模拟研究。通过在模型动量方程中添加动量损耗项,实现了对贻贝浮筏养殖设施阻流效应的模拟,采用实测数据对模型进行了潮位及流速的验证。利用验证良好的数值模型模拟了潮流驱动下养殖设施附生海藻碎屑漂移及沉降。结果表明,贻贝养殖设施及养殖贝串在海表的阻流效应使表层流速降低了约80%,中、下层流速分别降低了约50%和30%,在养殖海域外围因过流面的减小使得养殖场外围的流速有所增大。应用拉格朗日质点追踪模块模拟的结果表明,当碎屑质点处于悬浮状态即质点沉降速率(w)为0 m/s时,质点需要约600 h才能达到36.79%(e^-1)的沉底率;且无阻流效应时,沉底质点的分布在距养殖区中心9.0～10.5 km的区域内,有阻流效应时,质点的沉底范围分布在距养殖区中心7.5～8.5 km的区域内。当w大于0 m/s时,3种碎屑沉降速度的结果差异不大,大约在80 h内质点的沉底率达到99%,无阻流效应时质点沉降区域为距养殖...     

Effect of a seaweed mixture on serum lipid level and platelet aggregation in rats

ABSTRACT:   To assess the effect of a seaweed mixture on lipid levels in serum as well as platelet aggregation in rats, Eisenia bicyclis ('Arame'), Hizikia fusiformis ('Hijiki') and Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls ('Mekabu'), all brown seaweeds, and Porphyra yezoensis ('Susabinori'), a red seaweed, were powdered and mixed in a ratio of 45:30:20:5 (w/w). When rats were fed a cholesterol-rich diet containing this mixture of seaweeds (9–10% w/w) for 28 days, serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, free cholesterol, and triglyceride levels declined significantly to 49.7%, 48.1%, 49.0% and 74.8%, respectively, of those of the control. Serum HDL-cholesterol, however, was unchanged. Though activated partial thromboplatin time, prothrombin time, antithrombin III activity, and fibrinogen levels in plasma were unchanged, the maximal ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation decreased significantly to 89.0% and 85.5% control levels, respectively. These results indicate that this mixture of E. bicyclis , H. fusiformis , U. pinnatifida sporophylls, and P. yezoensis , is useful for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and thrombosis in rats.     

A partial substitution of microalgae with single cell detritus produced from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) for the nursery culture of tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)

Oyster seed production in hatchery and nursery systems has relied on the production of microalgae, which is cost effective, but often unpredictable. The development of a satisfactory substitute diet would greatly reduce production costs of hatchery operations. Single cell detritus (SCD) production from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) may have great potential as a partial substitute for microalgae. In this experiment, a technique for producing SCD was developed and the product was used as a partial substitute for microalgae for the nursery culture of juvenile tropical oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) in a hatchery setting. A reverse osmosis technique was used on ground seaweed (particle size <200 μm) immersed in freshwater and placed on a shaker at 100 rpm for 2 h before being returned to seawater. This technique was shown to be highly effective for SCD production with a density of 33.7 ± 7.0 × 10⁴ cell mL^?1 and the percentage of SCD particle diameter <20 μm was 89.2%. A partial replacement of microalgae with SCD was found to be unsuitable for nursing oyster larvae. For juvenile oysters (shell width 1.85 ± 0.03 mm and shell length 1.78 ± 0.06 mm) substituting 75% of microalgae with SCD showed lower absolute shell growth, and lower daily yields and survival rates when compared to rates substituting 50% or lower substitution with SCD, or 100% microalgae (P < 0.05). It was found that substituting 50% of the traditional microalgae with SCD produced from seaweed (P. haitanensis) can be used as a partial microalgae substitute for the nursery culture of the juvenile tropical oyster.     

Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of amino acids and seaweed (Ascophylum nodosum) extract on growth,yield, and storage life of different bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars grown under hydroponic conditions

The study was set up to evaluate the efficiency of amino acids and seaweed on vegetative growth, reproductive phase, yield, and postharvest storage quality of hydroponically grown bell pepper cultivars “Sven Rz F-1” and “Red Knight.” Different concentrations of amino acid and seaweed were sprayed on bell pepper plants under hydroponic conditions. Pre-harvest foliar application of amino acids and seaweed significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, yield per plant, number of marketable fruits per plant, average fruit diameter, fruit wall thickness, and average single fruit weight. Amino acid and seaweed significantly improved postharvest physicochemical quality of both bell pepper cultivars under extended cold storage conditions. Conclusively, amino acid as well as seaweed extract not only improved growth, development, yield, and overall quality of bell pepper cultivars but also increased storage life with reduced weight loss and decay along with better physicochemical quality.     

岛礁海藻场沉积有机物来源辨析

海藻场的沉积有机物(sedimentary organic matter,SOM)是实现海藻场生态系统服务功能的重要物质基础,本实验以枸杞岛北部海藻场为研究区域,围绕大型海藻周年生活史的幼苗生长、成熟茂盛和衰退凋亡3个阶段,于2014年7月凋亡期、2014年10月生长期和2015年5月茂盛期对海藻场的SOM进行样品采集,并运用碳、氮稳定同位素技术,以C/N、δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N为指标分析了SOM的来源及变化。结果显示,1)7月、10月和翌年5月的SOM C/N的变化范围分别为5.9~6.6、6.0~6.9和5.4~6.2,可判定海藻场SOM是典型的海源性来源;2)7月不同水深的SOMδ~(13)C值空间变化明显,介于–20.3‰~–17.6‰,而10月和翌年5月都不显著,分别介于–22.3‰~–21.7‰和–21.4‰~–21.0‰;3)SOM的δ~(13)C值存在时间变化,而7月δ~(13)C值存在不同水深的空间变化;4)δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N和C/N之间的关系表明,7月SOM主要来源于浮游植物和大型海藻的混合贡献,而10月和翌年5月SOM则主要来源于浮游植物贡献;5)根据碳稳定同位素质量平衡混合模型计算得到,7月大型海藻对该海藻场SOM的平均贡献率最高可达53.71%;6)大型海藻产生的碎屑在SOM占比受波浪等海域动力环境影响显著。