Ability of salmon growth hormone to accelerate somatic growth of juvenil abalone Haliotis discus hannai

ABSTRACT:   The ability of salmon growth hormone (sGH) to accelerate the somatic growth of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai by immersion was examined. After immersion for one hour into a sGH-rich solution at a concentration of 30 mg/L, the sGH immunoreactivity in the body fluid of abalone was maximal after one day, and levels were still detectable at two days. No immunoreactivity was observed in the control group. Following immersion for one hour at one or two-week intervals for 120 weeks into the sGH-rich solution at 30 mg/L, the sGH-immersed abalone exhibited a significant increase in shell length and body weight. On the other hand, abalone immersed into a salmon prolactin (sPRL)-rich solution at 30 mg/L for one hour showed a lower increase in both shell length and body weight than the sGH-immersed abalone. No increases in shell length and body weight were observed in either the bovine serum albumin-immersed abalone or untreated controls. These results provide evidence that sGH can be transported from ambient water into the circulatory system of abalone, and can subsequently improve the somatic growth of juveniles.     

Sonographic characteristics of goat testis on water bath based ultrasonography

Assessing the health of the testes in domestic animals is an important aspect of the breeding soundness examination and selection. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple method for scanning and to establish ultrasonographically the gross anatomic structures of the goat testes. Six adult male goats were examined to study the sonographic appearance of normal testes and epididymides using a water bath based ultrasound scanning technique. The ultrasonographic examinations were done using a 5–9 MHz/60 mm (7.5 MHz) linear-array transducer and a B-mode scanner. The ultrasonographic examination was performed in goats after standardizing the procedure on six testes collected from slaughter house. Results showed that in live goats when the probe was placed directly over the scrotum it gave distorted and unclear image. In water bath method the entire scrotum was dipped into a container filled with water and linear probe was used to observe the sonographic features of the testis. Each testis was viewed vertically, resulting in longitudinal image which was frozen, measured and printed through a thermal printer. The results of the ultrasonogram revealed that the testicular parenchyma was homogenous and moderately echogenic throughout. The diameter (mean±se) of the right and left testes was 4.47±0.14 and 4.42±0.07 cm respectively and no significant difference was observed between the testes. The mediastinum testis was a 1.50±0.22 cm wide linear structure of greater echogenicity than the testicular parenchyma when viewed in the transverse plane and nearly circular echogenic “spot” in the midline of the testis when viewed horizontally. The head and tail of the epididymides were easily identified on all the testes, but the epididymal body and ductus deferens were difficult to identify consistently. The tail of the epididymis was easily identified on the distal end of the testis with sonolucent tubules and appeared sonographically as a ‘peaked cap’ upon the testicular parenchyma. The diameter (mean±se) of the tail of right and left epididymis was 2.11±0.18 and 1.92±0.06 cm and no significant difference was observed between epididymides. The vascular pampiniform plexus (1.42±0.18 cm) was easily identified on the proximal end of the testes. The tunics of the testes appeared as a bright echogenic line. Inter-testicular septum appeared between testes as a hyperechoic line. It is concluded that ultrasonography permits a noninvasive evaluation of the internal structure of the scrotum and testes and water bath based sonographic examination may prove to be a valuable simple diagnostic methodology for evaluating physiopathologic conditions of goat testes and can be employed as a routine investigative method during breeding soundness and clinical examination.     

山莨菪碱提高嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗浸泡免疫鲫的效果

为研究山莨菪碱作为佐剂在细菌灭活疫苗浸泡免疫中的作用,将山莨菪碱和嗜水气单胞菌全菌灭活疫苗联合浸泡免疫异育银鲫,首次浸泡免疫7d后加强免疫1次.通过实时荧光定量PCR检测第2、4、7、11、14和21天脾脏中IgM、IL-1β、C3、C-凝集素以及溶菌酶的mRNA表达量,并在第21天进行同源菌株活菌攻击实验.结果显示,山莨菪碱组第4天IgM和IL-1 β的表达量达到最高值,分别为28.3和332.7;而无佐剂疫苗组第11天IgM和IL-1β达到最高值,分别为56.1和791.8.山莨菪碱组的补体C3、C-凝集素以及溶菌酶的表达量都显著高于无佐剂组和对照组,且表达持续时间长.活菌攻击实验表明山莨菪碱组的相对免疫保护率可达80.0％,显著高于无佐剂组的56.0％.结果表明,山莨菪碱与嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗共同浸泡免疫银鲫,可以增强脾脏中IgM、IL-1β、C3、C-凝集素以及溶菌酶基因表达,提高银鲫相对免疫保护率.     

Evaluation of the link between gyrodactylosis and streptococcosis of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Streptococcus iniae and Gyrodactylus niloticus are two common pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. We studied concurrent infection of tilapia by G. niloticus and S. iniae and evaluated whether parasitism in tilapia with Gyrodactylus increased susceptibility and mortality following immersion infection with S. iniae. Results showed that death mainly occurred in fish with G. niloticus and challenged with S. iniae (G-S group). The accumulative mortality (42.2%) was significantly higher in the G-S group than in fish not infected by the parasite (6.7%), but exposed to S. iniae. Bacteriological examination revealed S. iniae from > or =92% of dead or moribund fish challenged with S. iniae. Gyrodactylus not only damaged fish epithelium and provided entry for invasive bacteria but also was found to harbour viable cells of S. iniae for 24 and 72 h. Streptococcus iniae was isolated from 60% and 40% of G. niloticus collected from fish infected by intraperitoneal injection or immersion, respectively, at 24 h post-challenge. The present study confirms that parasitism of tilapia by G. niloticus increased host mortality following exposure to the bacterial pathogen S. iniae.     

Colonization of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida strains in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during infection

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida (ASM) is classified as atypical A. salmonicida and brought huge economic damages to the local salmonid aquaculture in China. An ASM strain named AS‐C4 was used to investigate the colonization of ASM in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by an immersion challenge with the control group (T0, no AS‐C4), group T1 (2.67 × 10⁴ CFU/ml AS‐C4) and group T2 (2.67 × 10⁷ CFU/ml AS‐C4). The numbers of AS‐C4 copies in different fish tissues (gill, intestine, skin, blood, muscle, spleen, liver and kidney) were determined at different time points post challenge using the quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). AS‐C4 were detected in the gill and intestine as early as 0 hr after the challenge both in T1 and T2 groups, suggesting that the gill and intestine were probably the portals of entry of AS‐C4 into salmon. Although AS‐C4 could not be detected in the skin until 24 hr after the challenge in T1 group, it could be detected in the skin as early as 0 hr after the challenge in T2 group, indicating that the skin may also be a portal of entry of AS‐C4 into salmon. AS‐C4 was immediately detected in the blood within 3 hr after it entered the host, suggesting that AS‐C4 successfully invaded the bloodstream of fish. After AS‐C4 colonized the host, it colonized the internal tissues, such as the spleen, liver, kidney and muscle. The results of this study will contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of the ASM strains and give a broader understanding of the infection route of ASM in it's host, providing more information for the development of new therapeutic strategies to protect against this pathogen in aquaculture.     

Macro and Micro Mineral Levels in the Tissues of Menhaden Fish

Various tissues of menhaden fish were analyzed for macro and micro minerals. Tissues selected were gill, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, and stomach. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, and zinc were found to be most concentrated in the gill. Potassium, iron, and boron were least concentrated in the gill. Liver contained the highest concentration of copper, selenium and boron. The stomach was the highest in potassium and lowest in phosphorus. Sodium and selenium concentrations were lowest in the muscle. Mercury concentrations were approximately 2 mg/g dry matter in all tissues     

Simple diagnosis using ethanol immersion of strawberry plants with latent infection by Colletotrichum acutatum, Dendrophoma obscurans, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae

Simple diagnosis by ethanol immersion (SDEI) to detect Glomerella cingulata was used to detect three other fungi that also cause latent infection of strawberry plants. Signs on strawberry leaves with asymptomatic latent infection by Colletotrichum acutatum became visible using SDEI. Salmon-pink conidial masses were produced in the acervuli on the treated leaves 5 days after incubation at 28°C. In the case of Dendrophoma obscurans, pycnidia with amber conidial masses formed 5 days after incubation at 28°C. The pycnidia were observed mainly on the ribs, and conidial masses exuded from the ostiole. These macroscopic conidial masses were similar to those of G. cingulata and C. acutatum. When water was dripped onto a lesion caused by D. obscurans, the pycnidia exuded white filamentous conidial masses, making the distinction of D. obscurans from G. cingulata or C. acutatum. On petioles with latent infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, white aerial hyphae grew out from the vascular tissues on the cut surface 3 days after incubation at 28°C and were easily observed by eye or with a loupe. Thus, SDEI was also useful for diagnosing latent infection of strawberry plants by C. acutatum, D. obscurans, and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae.     

2种提取方法测定大野荞植物叶中的黄酮含量

[目的]比较2种方法测定荞麦黄酮含量的效果。[方法]采用水浴提取和超声提取2种方法,用紫外分光光度计测定大野荞叶中总黄酮含量。[结果]测定大野荞植物叶中黄酮含量的最适波长为420 nm,超声提取法和水浴提取法所得大野荞叶中平均总黄酮含量分别为5.26%和5.40%,且水浴提取法所得平均总黄酮含量极显著高于超声提取法。[结论]该研究结果对改进荞麦黄酮含量测定方法具有重要意义。     

场地污染土壤中总汞的分析方法

建立污染土壤中总汞分析的前处理和分析测试方法。以标准土样(GBW07405-GSS5)为供试土壤,从样品量、消解液体积、消解时间、不同分析仪器效果方面优化分析测试条件。结果表明,土壤样品前处理条件为,0.5g土壤样品中加入1∶1王水8mL,冷消解18h后,沸水浴消解1h;分析测试条件为,原子分光光度计(AFS-3000)的光电倍增光负高压280V,灯电流25mA。本法总汞的检出限为0.005μg/L,相对标准偏差为2.7%,回收率为94.4%～107%。用某化工厂含汞盐泥堆存场地附近、某电石法聚氯乙烯生产车间周边、某曾经进行过汞法烧碱的车间周边污染土壤进行方法验证,相对标准偏差为0.24%～0.98%,结果没有显著性差异。方法重现性好,分析结果准确、可靠。     

不同处理对黄瓜种子萌发的影响

研究不同酸碱性溶液浸泡、不同光照变化、不同低温冷冻、不同温度水浴和不同时间超声波处理对‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子萌发的影响。采用双层滤纸培养法对处理后的种子进行培养,观察记录种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,并对数据进行统计分析。实验显示,pH 9碱性溶液浸泡、持续黑暗处理、 48 h冷冻处理、30℃水浴处理和20 min超声波处理均可以提高‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子发芽率;其中以48 h冷冻处理的‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子发芽率最高,达到89.33%。总结出‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子萌发的最适处理方法,对生产实践中有效促进其种子萌发及人工栽培具有重要的指导意义。