水平圆盘精密排种器新型推刮种器

从水平圆盘精密排种器的工作原理出发，分析了现有推刮种器影响排种精度和导致种子破碎的原因，设计了新型滚珠式推刮种器。台架和田间试验结果表明，设计的推刮种器能降低种子破碎率并提高排种性能指标。     

2BXJF-12型小麦播种机的设计及性能测试研究

在谷物条播机进行播种过程中，由于外槽轮排种器排种脉动性的缺陷，造成缺苗断垄或“疙瘩苗”的现象较为严重。在现有条播机的基础上进行了改进，设计了一种落种均匀器，大大提高了播种均匀性；并改进了镇压轮,降低了打滑率。     

利用SSR标记进行玉米品种一致性检测研究

为了评估SSR标记在玉米品种一致性鉴定中的应用价值及确定基于SSR标记的玉米一致性鉴定标准,利用13个SSR标记对213份来自2004年国家区域试验的玉米单交种(包括16份重复材料)进行了一致性分析,每个品种取20个个体,除在染色体6和8上各选取了2个和3个标记外,其他染色体上均各选取1个SSR标记.结果显示:一致性检测中异型带的类型有7种,每种出现的概率不同;不同品种在不同引物位点的一致性分布情况差别较大.比较位于同一染色体的引物一致性检测结果,发现在相同染色体上位置较近的不同引物一致性检测结果具有较高的相关性,因此提出在选用一致性检测的引物时应遵循均匀分布的原则,减少引物间的相关性.通过剔除自交个体对品种一致性比率进行校正(仅有7个品种),校正值可反映品种真实的遗传一致性和稳定性.综合考虑品种在单个引物位点的一致性和在所有位点的平均一致性,提出了划分玉米品种一致性级别的标准.     

天然甜槠林物种多样性的研究

本文运用物种多样性、物种丰富度、物种均匀度等分析方法对福建省周宁县天然甜槠林的群落组成进行研究。结果表明:甜槠群落物种多样性指数和均匀度值均较大,群落结构复杂、物种丰富。研究结果为保护该地域森林植被提供了理论依据。     

低压条件下PY115型摇臂式喷头水力性能试验

针对喷头在低压条件下工作时水力性能较差的问题,提出采用异形喷嘴降低水滴打击强度并改善喷洒均匀性的方法.选取PY115型摇臂式喷头为研究对象,设计了3套改进喷嘴的方案,在出口喷嘴上增加了1、2、3个凹槽,凹槽的尺寸均为宽0.5 mm,高0.3 mm,位置分别在出口喷嘴下方和左右两侧.在工作压力为200 kPa下进行了试验测量,同时在正方形组合间距为13～18 m时,采用Matlab语言编制程序对其进行了仿真计算.试验和计算结果表明:在低压条件工作时,随着凹槽数量的增多,流量增大,射程缩短8.1％ ～9.4％,末端水滴直径降低系数为2.9％ ～ 6.8％,平均喷灌强度增大并均符合规范要求.增加凹槽有利于提高组合均匀系数,出口喷嘴增加3个凹槽时效果最佳,组合均匀系数最高超过90％,证明了所设计异形喷嘴方案的可行性.     

江苏机插水稻大面积均衡增产共性特征分析

以江苏26个水稻高产创建示范县为对象,对水稻田产量及群体结构的典型田块进行调查。将水稻生产要素(种植方、品种、播期、种植方式)类型相近或相同的田块按产量分成高产田(I,> 10.5 t hm^-2)、中产田(II,9.0 ~10.5 t hm^-2)、低产田(III,< 9.0 t hm^-2) 3个等级,比较其产量结构、空间分布均衡性等群体指标。结果表明：(1)高产田的颖花数、穗数、穗粒数均有显著优势;不同类型田块在行距、穴距、单位面积穴数等空间配置上差异未达显著水平。(2)不同产量水平田块单穴穗数整齐度差异显著;产量与单穴穗数整齐度呈极显著正相关(r=0.436^**,2009;r=0.441^**,2010)。(3)顶部叶片长度增加有利于总粒数的增加,但易降低结实率,尤其是下位叶。表明提高单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度,是协调水稻穗数、穗粒数和粒重三者矛盾的有效途径;也是江苏大面积均衡增产的有效途径。     

Real-time nozzle flow uniformity when using automatic section control on agricultural sprayers

Automatic section control (ASC) has been readily adopted by US producers on sprayers because it can improve operator productivity and decrease overlap or input usage leading to economic savings while reducing environmental impacts. However, there is limited knowledge about nozzle flow dynamics when shutting ON/OFF of boom-sections or nozzles and the possible impact on application accuracy. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to evaluate system response in managing real-time nozzle off-rate and flow uniformity across the boom, for a typical agricultural sprayer using ASC. An 18.3-m sprayer was outfitted with commercially available individual nozzle and boom-section control. Tests were conducted to simulate sprayer moving out of point rows into a no-spray zone and then reentry into the spray zone by selecting two point row scenarios having 20° and 70° angles. Ten high frequency response pressure sensors were randomly mounted across the boom to measure nozzle pressure. The nozzle pressures were converted to nozzle flow, using the manufacturers pressure versus flow relationship, to calculate nozzle flow rate delay time, settling time, percent off-rate (percent difference between actual and target nozzle flow rate) and nozzle flow uniformity (CV), considering only ON boom-sections. Auto-boom scenarios were conducted with and with-out flow compensation while auto-nozzle scenarios were conducted without flow compensation. Results indicated that nozzle flow rate settling time varied from 0.4 to 14.4 s and nozzle off-rate between 36.6% and +28.7% for 70° point row auto-boom tests when exiting and reentering point rows. When exiting point rows, over-application occurred whereas reentry resulted in under-application during flow compensated tests. Nozzle flow uniformity (CV) were more than 50% for a short duration (<1.0 s) when reentering point rows, during all tests. Compensation testing for 20° point row reentry highlighted the constraint of the control system to respond to certain situations where feedback response times could not match target rates rapidly set for the controller. Overall results indicated that system response time can impact nozzle off-rate and can vary with point row angle.     

我国植物新品种DUS测试指南研制策略探讨

植物新品种DUS测试指南已成为各国农业技术性贸易措施的重要内容。文章分析了我国植物新品种DUS测试指南面临的国内外形势,结合我国植物新品种保护体系构建,分析了自主制定国家DUS测试指南的必要性和重要性,并提出了我国植物新品种DUS测试指南研制策略。     

Spatial dispersion of trees in an old-growth temperate hardwood forest over 60 years of succession

An analysis of spatial dispersion was conducted for individual tree species in the old-growth forest at the Davis-Purdue Research Forest in Indiana. This 20.6 ha stand has been left largely undisturbed by exogenous factors since its acquisition by Purdue in 1917. It is the only long-term study plot of its size for a temperate hardwood forest with x–y coordinates (rectangular plot) for all species above 10 cm diameter. Full censuses have been conducted spanning 60 years (1926, 1976 and 1986).

Ripley’s L(t) function revealed that most species are characterized by some form of aggregation, agreeing with a prior evaluation from 1981. Heterogeneity of spatial structure was evident between two large plots, indicating that differences in site quality and history had influenced spatial structure. Shade-intolerant species were numerically dominant and spatially aggregated in 1926 but have declined over the 60-year interval and become more random in spatial dispersion. Shade-tolerant species have increased in number and become more aggregated over time, or they exhibit little change in spatial structure. Examples of the latter include Acer saccharum and Ulmus americana, species that experienced explosive population growth. These contrasting patterns are masked by stand-level patterns that show a trend toward uniformity over the same time frame.

These data reveal that changes in dispersion accompany the demographic failure experienced by numerous tree species in Central Hardwood old-growth stands, and these changes may feed back into a negative population cycle and further impede regeneration. The simultaneous manipulation of dispersion and density should be considered as a tool for influencing forest succession and promoting regeneration of desired tree species.     

播插方式对超级粳稻宁粳3号产量及群体均衡性的影响

2009—2010年以超级稻宁粳3号为材料,设置小苗机插(MT)、手工撒播(BS)、条播(DS)、穴播(HS)、精量手栽(PT)、循环手栽(CT)和等距手栽(ET) 7种种植方式,研究不同种植方式对水稻群体均衡性的影响,并分析水稻群体均衡性与产量的关系。结果表明,产量高低依次为精量手栽、机插、等距手栽、撒播、循环手栽、穴播、条播。宁粳3号穗粒数、一二次枝梗数和穗层分布整齐度与产量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系,表明群体均衡性差异是造成不同栽培方式产量差异的原因之一,群体均衡性越高产量越高。营养生长期的差异是造成宁粳3号机插、手栽和直播3种栽培方式间群体均衡性差异的主要原因。精量手栽方式分蘖营养生长时间长,穗层分布均匀、群体均衡。直播方式可利用分蘖叶位少,且各叶位发生的分蘖营养生长时间短,穗型小,群体均衡性较差。机插方式群体均衡性介于精量手栽与直播方式之间。