Prepenetration stages in infection of clematis by Phoma clematidina

A detailed study of conidial germination, germ-tube growth and the formation of infection structures in Phoma clematidina , the causal agent of clematis wilt, is described for two clematis varieties differing in disease resistance. On both the resistant and susceptible varieties, the fungus entered leaves and stems by direct penetration of the cuticle, often, but not always, following the formation of infection structures. More germ tubes per conidium were formed on the susceptible host, but these germ tubes were on average shorter than on the resistant host. Although germ tubes regularly entered the plant via trichomes, stomata were not found to be sites of entry. Following penetration of the cuticle of resistant plants, germ-tube growth was sometimes restricted to the subcuticular region, and halo formation occurred at the sites where penetration was attempted. Subcuticular growth and halo formation were not observed on susceptible plants. These observations may partly explain the resistance of small-flowered clematis varieties to P. clematidina .     

克萎星对棉花黄萎病的防治效果

克萎星可溶性粉剂是河南省濮阳农业科学研究所研制生产的防治棉花黄萎病的新农药，田间药效试验结果表明：克萎星防治棉花黄萎病，发病初期叶面喷施，防效71．7％～100％，最佳施用浓度500～1000倍液，间隔期7～10d,棉花安全。     

Identification and use of a wild plant with antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of bacterial wilt of potato

Fresh aerial tissue and roots of 14 wild plants in Okinawa prefecture were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum , which causes bacterial wilt of potato. A 70% aqueous ethanol extract of fresh aerial tissue of Geranium carolinianum L. showed strong antimicrobial activity against R. solanacearum . This extract also showed antimicrobial activity against the pathogens causing common scab of potato and soil rot of sweet potato. The antimicrobial substance could be extracted with hot water, and was effective against R. solanacearum in soil. In the field test, a treatment combining incorporation of dried aerial tissue into the soil and solarization was highly effective for control of bacterial wilt of potato. These findings suggest that G. carolinianum L. could be used as a biological agent for the control of bacterial wilt of potato.     

番茄青枯病抗性两个相关基因功能的初步鉴定

对抗性番茄材料‘Hawaii 7996’分别接种强致病力青枯菌（RsH）和中等致病力青枯菌（RsM）后,利用双向电泳技术找到了两个差异表达蛋白质--谷胱甘肽S转移酶L3和Remorin 1蛋白。在利用携带八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因PDS的TRV重组病毒载体通过叶片浸润法证明VIGS体系可行后,进一步利用该技术沉默上述两个蛋白质的对应基因GST-L3和Rem-1,并用半定量RT-PCR检测沉默效果。结果表明,分别沉默GST-L3和Rem-1的番茄植株抗性减弱,在接种中等致病力青枯菌（RsM）后青枯病发病率和病情指数都明显高于对照植株,说明基因GST-L3和Rem-1与番茄对青枯病的抗性相关。     

几种药剂防治烟草青枯病田间药效试验

7种药剂防治烟草青枯病进行了田间药效试验,结果表明,7种药荆均能推迟青枯病的发病高峰期,减轻发病程度,其中荧光假单胞菌3 000亿个/克粉剂和农用链霉素的防效最好,药效稳定,持续时间长,对烟草青枯病的防治效果分别达到74.92%、74.48%.此外,罗建新菌肥和活性菌肥对烟草青枯病也具有较好的防治效果,防效分别为66.27%和69.39%.     

甲基营养型芽胞杆菌AL7对棉花黄萎病的盆栽防治效果及定殖能力

为了探明甲基营养型芽胞杆菌AL7对棉花黄萎病的防治效果及其定殖能力,本文利用盆栽接种试验研究了菌株AL7对棉花黄萎病的防治效果;将带四环素抗性的pGFP78质粒转入到菌株AL7中,分析了菌株AL7在棉花根围土壤中、根部组织内的定殖情况。结果表明,菌株AL7对棉花黄萎病的盆栽防治效果为77.1%。pGFP78质粒转入后对菌株AL7的生长没有明显影响,仍具有游动性和产生物膜。定殖检测结果表明,菌株AL7能够在棉花根围土壤中及根系组织内长期定殖,接种5 d时定殖数量最高,达6×10~6cfu/g土,接种80 d后根围土壤中的定殖数量仍维持在2×10~6 cfu/g,根系组织内的定殖量为6×10~4 cfu/g。利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察验证,接种7 d后菌株AL7已经进入到棉花根部的中柱鞘细胞,能够在棉花根内大量定殖。     

香蕉枯萎病防治进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种对外检疫性病害，世界各生产区均有不同程度的发生，每年给农业生产造成巨大损失，是一种难以防治的土传病害。本文重点阐述了香蕉枯萎病的防治方法和未来发展趋势。     

Soil solarization as a substitute for methyl bromide fumigation in greenhouse tomato production in Cyprus

Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) is presently standard practice in greenhouse tomato production. Since this compound is scheduled to be phased out by 2005, the possibility of using solarization as an alternative soil disinfestation method was examined in four greenhouse tomato trials. Solarization was applied for 8 weeks in July-August, using transparent polyethylene sheets for soil mulching, and compared with MB fumigation applied in September, before planting, at 80 g/m². Solarization raised the maximum soil temperature by 9°C and reduced the population density ofFusarium spp. in soil by 91–98%. Similar reductions of soil inoculum (95–99%) were obtained with MB fumigation. Both methods provided effective control of Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt and corky root rot on tomato plants. MB fumigation was in addition highly effective against root-knot nematodes, whereas nematode control with solarization did not exceed 50%. Both treatments resulted in similar fruit yield increases, ranging within 90–140% compared with plants grown in untreated soil. During the second cropping season following soil treatment, solarization exhibited two times higher residual effectiveness against vascular wilt diseases compared with MB fumigation. The latter treatment, however, was superior to solarization in its residual effectiveness against root-knot nematodes and to a lesser extent against corky root rot. Fruit yields from solarized and MB-fumigated soil during the second cropping season were higher than those obtained from untreated soil by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively. In Cyprus, solarization appears to be an effective alternative to MB fumigation in greenhouse tomato production, especially if integrated with other approaches enabling more effective nematode control.     

木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及枯萎病防效的影响

采用3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的木霉,棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及防治枯萎病效果的影响。结果显示,所有木霉处理均能够提高黄瓜幼苗的株高和茎粗,增加幼苗地上部和地下部鲜重,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均达到64%以上。播种后8~14 d,各处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量不同程度下降,保护性酶活性不同程度的提高,其中以先接种拟康氏木霉886,2 d后接种病原菌的T886-F处理的提高程度最显著。播种后14 d,该处理的叶片质膜透性和MDA含量比只接种病原菌的F处理分别下降了37.02%和14.80%,同时,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、PPO活性分别比F增加了46.82%、34.93%、18.75%和11.63%。以上结果说明,本研究的3株木霉均能通过改善黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化能力,增加保护酶活性,促进幼苗生长,防治黄瓜枯萎病。在实际应用中,提前施入木霉菌剂,有利于促进黄瓜的生长、提高幼苗抗病性、提高病害防治效果。本研究结果为木霉菌剂的高效使用、保障黄瓜安全生产提供指导。     

拟康氏木霉菌剂对黄瓜幼苗生长、抗氧化系统及枯萎病防效的影响

于2019年5—8月采用前期筛选出的对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的拟康氏木霉Trichoderma pseudokoningii 886菌株,通过盆栽实验,测定不同菌剂施用量对黄瓜幼苗生长、抗氧化系统以及对黄瓜枯萎病防效的影响。结果表明：拟康氏木霉不同施用量均能提高对黄瓜枯萎病的防效,其中10⁵ cfu·g^-1拟康氏木霉厚垣孢子菌剂应用效果最好,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效达到83.98%;与CK（只接种病原菌）相比,拟康氏木霉不同施用量均能提高黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、根冠比和壮苗指数,其中10⁵ cfu·g^-1拟康氏木霉厚垣孢子菌剂对黄瓜幼苗形态建成的促进效果最好;拟康氏木霉不同施用量均能提高瓜幼苗叶片中CAT、POD、SOD、APX、PPO活性和Pro含量,降低叶片中的MDA含量和质膜透性,其中10⁵ cfu·g^-1拟康氏木霉厚垣孢子菌剂对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统促进效果最好;在播种后30 d,黄瓜幼苗叶片中CAT、POD、SOD、APX、PPO活性和Pro含量分别比CK提高了119.96%、213.75%、139.29%、97.53%、101.15%、70.38%,相对电导率、MDA含量则分别比CK下降了46.10%、60.28%。研究表明拟康氏木霉886厚垣孢子菌剂通过提高黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统能力,促进了幼苗形态建成,提高了对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。