Efficient reduction of biomass,seed and season long pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)

Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is a noxious plant that not only is a troublesome agronomic weed that causes economic damage to agricultural crops but also − and even more importantly − causes severe health problems due to its severe allergenicity. The pollen of invasive ragweed has become a major allergenic risk factor in urban areas in newly occupied regions. Many urban areas prohibit herbicide application; thus, mowing is the most widely used control measure. Counting pollen is labour intensive; therefore, pollen production data are mainly based on estimations. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different mowing scenarios, plant density and cutting height on the biomass, pollen production and seed production of common ragweed plants. Ragweed plants were mown twice: just before the flowering of terminal racemes (BBCH 59) and when the flowers of the re-sprouting lateral shoots reached BBCH 59. A 1- to 3-cm cutting height produced the greatest pollen reduction compared to that of intact control plants (94%) based on a season-long pollen collection. The number of female flowers also significantly decreased (97%). Compared to the control, the onset of pollen discharge was delayed by 5 weeks and the length of the pollen discharge period decreased from 9 to 4 weeks. The season-long unique and reproducible pollen production data can be integrated with airborne pollen modelling and population management strategies.     

Internal Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Starvation in Three Tropical Forages

Many tropical forage grasses and legumes grow well in acid soils, adapting to excess aluminum (Al) and phosphorus (P) starvation stresses by using mechanisms that are still unclear. To determine these mechanisms, responses to Al toxicity and P starvation in three tropical forages were studied: two grasses, Brachiaria hybrid cv. ‘Mulato’ (B. ruziziensis clone 44-06 × B. brizantha cv. ‘Marandú’) and Andropogon gayanus, and one legume, Arachis pintoi. The tropical grasses tolerated high levels of Al toxicity and P starvation, with the Brachiaria hybrid maintaining very low levels of Al concentration in shoots. ²⁷Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis revealed that, in the Brachiaria hybrid, Al makes complexes with some ligands such as organic-acid anions in the root symplast. The forages probably adapted to P starvation through high P-use efficiency. These experiments provide the first direct evidence we know of that organic acid anions within root tissue help detoxify Al in non-accumulator species such as the Brachiaria hybrid.     

Modern forestry vehicles and their impacts on soil physical properties

“Close-to-nature forest stands” are one central key in the project “Future oriented Forest Management” financially supported by the German Ministry for Science and Research (BMBF). The determination of ecological as well as economical consequences of mechanized harvesting procedures during the transformation from pure spruce stands to close-to-nature mixed forest stands is one part of the “Southern Black Forest research cooperation”. Mechanical operations of several typical forest harvesting vehicles were analysed to examine the actual soil stresses and displacements in soil profiles and to reveal the changes in soil physical properties of the forest soils. Soil compaction stresses were determined by Stress State Transducer (SST) and displacement transducer system (DTS) at two depths: 20 and 40 cm. Complete harvesting and trunk logging processes accomplished during brief 9-min operations were observed at time resolutions of 20 readings per second. Maximum vertical stresses for all experiments always exceeded 200 kPa and at soil depths of 20 cm for some vehicles and sequences of harvesting operations approached ≥500 kPa. To evaluate the impacts of soil stresses on soil structure, internal soil strengths were determined by measuring precompression stresses. Precompression stress values of forest soils at the field sites ranged from 20 to 50 kPa at soil depths of 20 cm depth and from 25 to 60 kPa at soil depths of 40 cm, at a pore water pressure of −60 hPa. Data obtained for these measured soil stresses and their natural bearing capacities proved that sustainable wheeling is impossible, irrespective of the vehicle type and the working process. Re-occurring top and subsoil compaction, increases in precompression stress values in the various soil horizons, deep rut depths, vertical and horizontal soil displacements associated with shearing stresses, all affected the mechanical strengths of forest soils. In order to sustain naturally “unwheeled” soil areas with minimal compaction, it is recommended that smaller machines, having less mass, be used to complete forest harvesting in order to prevent or at least to maintain currently minimal-compacted forest soils. Additionally, if larger machines are required, permanent wheel and skid tracks must be established with the goal of their maximum usefulness for future forest operations. A first step towards accomplishing these permanent pathways requires comprehensive planning with the Federal State Baden-Württemberg. The new guideline for final opening with skid tracks (Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Württemberg, 2003) proposes a permanent skid track system with a width of 20–40 m.     

基于平顺性的汽车空气悬架系统的匹配设计

通过建立基于空气悬架系统的汽车整车八自由度平顺性模型,应用MATLAB优化工具箱,结合空气弹簧的特性,分7种工况对空气悬架的刚度和阻尼进行了匹配设计,用MATLAB/S imu link验证了匹配结果并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明:优化后的空气悬架系统对由路面输入引起的振动能够进行有效抑制,能明显改善车辆行驶平顺性。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对粳稻稻米物性及食味品质的影响

在2009和2010年利用独特的稻/麦轮作系统FACE（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高）平台,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号、武香粳14和武粳15为供试材料,研究了高浓度CO（2比大气背景CO2浓度高200 μmol·mol-1）对粳稻蒸煮米的硬度、粘性、香气、光泽、完整性、味道和口感等的影响。物性分析仪测定结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下粳稻熟米的硬度和粘性总体呈增加趋势,其中扬辐粳8号两指标的增幅均达显著水平。食味计测定结果显示,高浓度CO2对蒸煮稻米香气、光泽度、完整性、味道和口感等食味品质指标均没有影响。相关分析表明,CO2与品种的互作对米饭硬度和粘性有显著影响,但对食味品质参数均没有影响。CO2与年度、CO2与年度和品种间的互作对所有测定参数均无显著影响。两年数据一致表明,未来高浓度CO2环境下粳稻蒸煮米的硬度和粘性将呈增加趋势,增幅因品种而异,但米饭食味品质无显著变化。     

基于SHAW模型的冬小麦近地面层气温模拟

利用一维多层水热耦合SHAW（The simultaneous heat and water）模型,在田间实验的基础上,模拟河南省商丘地区2015年冬小麦拔节后近地面层0~40 cm垂直方向上的每小时气温变化特征。结果表明,冬小麦近地面层气温模拟整体效果较好,其中48%模拟的绝对误差低于1℃,75%模拟的绝对误差低于2℃,不同高度上模型效率ME均大于0.94;夜晚气温的模拟效果优于白天的模拟效果,白天11:00—14:00气温被过低估计,并随着近地面层高度的增加,模拟值误差越大;近地面层内3种气温特征值模拟效果的优劣依次为：日平均气温、日最低气温、日最高气温,其中,日平均气温模拟值与实测值基本吻合,日最低气温被略微高估,日最高气温被过低估计。此外,SHAW模型在冬小麦拔节后6个生育期的模拟效果均存在差异,拔节期、灌浆期和乳熟期模拟效果较好,孕穗期和开花期次之,抽穗期模拟效果相对较差。     

湖南与非洲大陆水热条件的相似程度分析

用一个综合的数量指标来反映两地农业气候的相似程度是农业气候分析上新的尝试。本文用《中国与世界气候及农业气候相似距库》的资料,具体分析了湖南与非洲大陆水分条件,热置条件和水热配合条件的相似程度。     

乌鲁木齐市南山小渠子中药种植基地环境的综合评价

[目的]通过对乌鲁木齐市南山小渠子林场的土壤、大气、灌溉水等环境质量进行分析评价,为中药材GAP种植基地建设提供依据。[方法]参考国家环保局《环境监测分析方法》采样,土壤质量按《土壤环境质量标准）GB15618—1995进行检测;灌溉水质量按《农田灌溉水质标准}GB5084—2005进行检测;空气质量监测采用《环境空气质量标准））GB3095—1996及其分析方法进行分析。[结果]乌鲁木齐市南山小渠子中药材种植基地土壤质量达到国家二级标准;灌溉水质量达到国家旱作标准;空气质量达到国家一级标准。[结论]新疆乌鲁木齐市南山小渠子中药材种植基地环境质量良好;达到并超过GAP种植相关要求,可作为中药材规范化种植基地。     

天祝县近60年气候变化分析

根据天祝县乌鞘岭气象站1951 ～2010年的气温、降水资料,分析天祝县气温、降水的年际变化、季节变化,并对其进行异常性分析.研究表明,近60年天祝县年平均气温呈上升趋势,增温速率达0.17℃/10a;四季气温、年最高和最低气温均呈上升趋势,且冬季平均气温、年平均最低气温的增温对天祝县气候变暖起了关键作用;年平均降水量呈减少趋势,变化率为-1.4％/10a;四季中春、夏、冬3季降水呈减少趋势,秋季降水呈增加趋势;进入90年代后,秋、冬季降水均明显持续增加,而夏季降水的持续减少对年降水量减少贡献最大.综合各要素的突变特征和对气温与降水的异常分析,天祝气候向暖干化发展.     

4种有害气体对猪群健康状况的影响及其控制技术

为掌握规模化猪场舍内小环境空气质量的变化,为猪舍空气质量对人、动物健康影响的风险评估和相关控制技术的研究提供理论依据,并探索出有效的舍内空气质量控制技术,2010年11月20日～2011年3月10日和2011年11月19～2012年3月11日连续2 a 在河南省农业科学院种猪场31栋猪舍（规模化猪舍,利用屋顶进风,地下航道抽风的立体空气综合控制技术）和周围10个小型猪场26栋猪舍（简陋猪舍,利用自然通风或小风机通风）进行舍内空气质量指标测定。结果表明：利用空气综合控制技术通风的标准化猪舍内空气质量较好,能够明显降低舍内有害气体的浓度,同时还保证了舍内温度,为猪只生长发育提供了适宜的环境条件。