Hereditary plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA,FXI)

A rare case of factor XI (PTA) deficiency was discovered in a Saudi family in the Riyadh area. Nine members of the family were studied. Two were found to have a severe PTA deficiency’ levels of factor XI clotting activity were 0.01 i.u./ml and 0.02 i.u./ml respectively. Both plasmas were markedly deficient in factor XI antigen and appeared to be negative for cross-reactive material (CRM-). The parents were first cousins and both were found to have a minor PTA deficiency. Factor XI levels were: mother 0.048 i.u./ml and father 0.33 i.u./ml. Another sibling was found to have a FXI level of 0.47 i.u./ml. Menorrhagia and bleeding for 1 day after tooth extraction were the main bleeding manifestations found in one member with severe PTA deficiency. Clinically this member presented with iron deficiency anaemia. Other family members had no significant history of bleeding tendency. This is the first report of a Saudi Arabian family with PTA deficiency.     

Is there a ‘Basque’ profile regarding autosomal recessive deficiencies of coagulation factors?*

When excluding haemophilia and von Willebrand disease, coagulation factors deficiencies constitute rare autosomal recessive disorders (<1 in 500,000) of less precisely defined epidemiology. We have reported herein the distribution of these entities in the French Basque Country, a genetic isolate of very old individualization with peculiar biological specificities. The prevalence of these disorders was markedly high, especially, as already shown, factor XI deficiency. This unusual profile needs to be discussed in the view of population genetics.     

Mutation analysis of two Japanese patients with Fanconi-Bickel syndrome

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS), or glycogen storage disease type XI, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hepatorenal glycogen accumulation, Fanconi nephropathy, and impaired utilization of glucose and galactose. Recently, this disease was elucidated to link mutations in the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) gene. Only three mutations in three FBS families have been reported. Therefore, it is important to elucidate mutations in the GLUT2 gene in FBS by answering the question of whether the syndrome is a single gene disease. In this report, we describe two patients in two unrelated families clinically diagnosed with FBS. No mutation in the entire protein coding region of the GLUT2 gene was detected in patient 1, which suggested that no mutation existed in the GLUT 2 gene, or that some mutations had affected the expression of the GLUT 2 gene. In patient 2, a novel homozygous nonsense mutation (W420X, Trp at codon 420 to stop codon) was detected. These results support the correlation between GLTU2 gene mutation and FBS syndrome. However, many patients must be analyzed to determine whether other genes are involved in FBS. Received: July 16, 1999 / Accepted: September 3, 1999     

奚九一治疗下肢静脉性溃疡98例临床观察

目的:观察奚九一治疗下肢静脉性溃疡的临床疗效。方法:98例下肢静脉性溃疡采用辨病与辨证结合进行临床分期,运用中医中药,内外兼治,观察症状变化。结果:治愈76例;好转16例,未愈6例。结论:奚九一辨病与辨证结合进行临床分期,运用中医中药,内外兼治,治疗下肢静脉性溃疡疗效显著。     

In vitro evaluation of residual procoagulants in human intravenous immunoglobulins from 11 Chinese blood fractionation companies

Introduction

Residual procoagulants has been suggested to play an important role in the occurrence of thromboembolic events with intravenous immunoglobulin.

Objective

This study investigated the predominant plasma proteases in 81 intravenous immunoglobulin lots from 11 Chinese manufacturers to examine the procoagulants of these human therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulin products.

Methods

In one-stage clotting assays, the procoagulant activities of factors II, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII were quantified. Non-activated partial thromboplastin time and a modified thrombin generation test served as global and activated coagulation factor XI specific clotting assays, respectively.

Results

The coagulation factor clotting activities of the 78 intravenous immunoglobulin lots were below the detection limit of the assays. The time to peak of thrombin generation using a thrombin generation test was longer than 35 min. The relevant amount of activated coagulation factor XI was below 0.37 nM. Non-activated partial thromboplastin time was greater than 203 s, except for the three pilot samples of manufacturer B in which we observed 0.48 to 0.09 IU/mL factor XI lever, 20 to 26 min for the time to peak of thrombin generation, 0.54 to 37.99 nM activated coagulation factor XI, and 155 to 182 s for non-activated partial thromboplastin time.

Conclusions

The three intravenous immunoglobulin lots from manufacturer B showed significant procoagulant potential. Further study is required to determine whether a program for activated coagulation factor XI determination in intravenous immunoglobulin products should be launched in China.     

凝血因子XI基因变异致下消化道出血病因分析

目的：对1 例遗传性凝血因子Ⅺ（FⅪ）缺陷症患者行内镜下直肠息肉摘除术后出现下消化道异常出血进行病因分析,探讨FⅪ基因变异与治疗后下消化道出血的关系。方法：家系调查（共3 代5 人）。检测患者及其家系成员相关凝血指标。提取外周血基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,采用DNA直接测序法分析患者FⅪ基因的全部外显子、侧翼序列、5’和3’端非翻译区序列,及家系成员相应的变异位点区域。用PyMol软件构建基因变异前后蛋白模型。结果：患者因“直肠息肉摘除术后3 d,血便2 d”入院。凝血指标检查显示患者的活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、FⅪ活性（FⅪ:C）和FⅪ抗原（FⅪ:Ag）分别为50.9 s、53%和47.2%;其父亲上述3 项指标分别为45.4 s、44%和43.1%。DNA测序发现患者及其父亲的FⅪ基因第8号外显子均存在c.841C＞T杂合无义变异（p.Gln281*）。蛋白模型分析显示p.Gln281*变异会产生截短蛋白。结论：该家系FⅪ基因第8号外显子c.841C＞T（NM_000128）杂合无义变异与其FⅪ水平减低有关,可能也是该患者行内镜下直肠息肉摘除术后出现下消化道异常出血的主要原因。     

Activation of coagulation factor XI, without detectable contact activation in dengue haemorrhagic fever

A prospective cohort study was performed in 50 patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) to determine the potential role of the contact activation system and factor XI activation (intrinsic pathway) in the coagulation disorders in DHF. To establish whether TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) was involved in the severity of the coagulation disorders, the TAFI antigen and activity levels were also determined. Markers of contact activation (kallikrein--C1-inhibitor complexes), the intrinsic pathway of coagulation (factor XIa--C1-inhibitor complexes) and TAFI were measured and correlated to thrombin generation markers (thrombin--anti-thrombin complexes (TAT), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2)) and a marker for fibrinolysis [plasmin--alpha 2--anti-plasmin complexes (PAP)]. Activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation was clearly demonstrated by elevated levels of factor XIa--C1-inhibitor complexes, without evidence of contact activation, reflected by undetectable kallikrein--C1-inhibitor complexes. Both TAFI antigen and activity levels were decreased in all patients, which may contribute to the severity of bleeding complications in DHF because of the impaired capacity of the coagulation system to protect the fibrin clot from fibrinolysis. These findings in a human viral infection model are in accordance with earlier findings in bacterial sepsis.     

“八位一体”的农村卫生人力资源开发与管理新机制

卫生人力资源是卫生资源中最主要的资源[1].农村卫生人力资源的开发与管理能力决定着农村医疗工作的诊疗质量和公共卫生服务水平;整体人力资源的素质则决定着农村卫生事业的兴衰.做好农村基层卫生服务,人才是关键[2].建立一支训练有素、适应性强的医疗卫生专业人才队伍和畅通农村分享城市优良卫生人力资源的渠道是我们亟待解决的问题.自2009年实施卫Ⅺ项目以来,实施“公开招录、竞争上岗、拜师带徒、强化培训、借力助教、鼓励进修、创新平台、严格考核”的“八位一体”的人才系统工程,探索出一条全面提升农村卫生人力资源素质的新路子.     

Pregnancy outcome in Factor XI deficiency: incidence of miscarriage, antenatal and postnatal haemorrhage in 33 women with Factor XI deficiency

Pregnancy complications in women with Factor XI deficiency were assessed in this retrospective analysis. All nonnulliparous women registered with Factor XI deficiency in the East Midlands region were included. Each woman was classified into 'bleeder' or 'nonbleeder'. Rates of antenatal and postnatal bleeding and miscarriage rate were recorded. A total of 33 women had 105 pregnancies. Pregnancy and delivery was uneventful in 70% of the cases. Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) appears increased in women with a 'bleeding' phenotype with a highly significant difference between 'bleeders' and 'nonbleeders' (relative risk [RR] 7.2; CI 1.99–25.9). Miscarriage rate appeared unchanged. We conclude that PPH is increased in a subgroup with a bleeding phenotype. Larger studies are needed to define the underlying factors.