Alkylated ureas: mineralization and evaluation as N sources

An incubation experiment was conducted for 11 weeks to study the mineralization of ten alkylated ureas and urea in soil. Six of the alkylated ureas viz. methylurea(MU), 1,3-dimethylurea(1,3DMU), 1,1-dimethylurea(1,1DMU), ethylurea(EU), 1,3-diethylurea(1,3DEU) and butylurea(BU) and urea mineralized during the experiment. Urea mineralized immediately, while alkylated ureas mineralized after an incubation period ranging from less than a week to four weeks (delay period of mineralization). The delay period increased in the following sequence MU < 1,3DMU < EU < BU < 1,1DMU < 1,3DEU, but after the delay period was over the compounds mineralized almost as rapidly as urea. The delay period varied according to the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group and their position with respect to each other on the molecule. It appeared to be specific for each compound and was apparently not influenced by the presence of urea or other alkylated ureas. This character can be used to develop mixture of various alkylated ureas to obtain N mineralization at the desired time. Rapid evolution of CO₂ and N₂O was observed during the mineralization of urea as well as alkylated ureas. Increase in soil pH was also observed during this period. The simultaneous ocurrence of these events suggested the formation of urea as an intermediate during the mieralization of alkylated ureas. None of the alkylated ureas showed adverse affect on emergence of wheat seedlings and except DEU and BU at high concentration no other alkylated urea showed any adverse effect on initial growth of wheat seedlings.     

Phosphorus seed coating increases phosphorus uptake,early growth and yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) grown on an acid sandy soil in Niger,West Africa

In pot and field experiments conducted in 1990 and 1991 on an acid sandy, phosphorus (P) deficient soil in Niger, West Africa, the effect of seed coating on seedling emergence, early growth and grain yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) was studied. Seeds of pearl millet were coated with different rates (0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 5.0; 10.0 mg P seed^–1) and types of P fertilizers (single superphosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate; monocalcium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium triphosphate). Seedling emergence was generally reduced at coating rates higher than 0.5 mg P seed^–1 and prevented with single superphosphate and sodium triphosphate at rates higher than 5 mg P seed^–1. No correlation was found between the pH and osmomolity of the coatings and final emergence of millet seedlings. The most favourable effect on plant growth and P content was achieved with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (AHP) as seed coating. This was attributed to the enhancement effect of ammonium on P uptake. Compared to the untreated control dry matter production at 20 days after planting (DAP) was increased by 280%, P content per plant by 330%, total biomass at maturity by 30% and grain yield by 45%. Although seed coating with AHP may be harmful to seedlings emergence, it represents a suitable method to enhance early growth and increase yield of pearl millet.     

一类相异功能反应的predator-prey扩散系统的稳定性

针对斑块生境下具有庇护所效应的相异功能性反应predator-prey扩散系统,讨论了系统持续生存的条件.运用常微分方程定性理论讨论了系统解的有界性,通过构造Lyapunov函数得到了一定条件下该系统正解是全局渐近稳定的.进一步利用Pioncare定理和Brower定理证明了惟一周期正解的存在性与稳定性.     

A quantum mechanical model of consciousness and the emergence of ‘I’

There have been suggestions that the unity of consciousness may be related to the kind of holism depicted only in quantum physics. This argument will be clarified and strengthened. It requires the brain to contain a quantum system with the right properties — a Bose-Einstein condensate. It probably does contain one such system, as both theory and experiment have indicated. In fact, we cannot pay full attention to a quantum whole and its parts simultaneously, though we may oscillate between the two. In a quantum theory of consciousness, emergent meanings arise as an inevitable consequence of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.     

煤矿避难硐室热环境控制范围探讨

基于国内外矿井避难硐室环境控制技术的研究现状,比较了国内外关于避难硐室环境控制条款规定,探讨了环境控制参数的允许范围,并从建设成本及人员安全角度出发,分析了目前针对避难硐室空气品质控制技术和温度控制技术的不足,指出了未来避难硐室环境控制技术的研究方向：①制订合理的环境参数允许范围;②基于矿井压风的CO浓度多种控制技术的协同作用;③CO₂被动化学吸附技术;④多重复合控温技术。

     

井下避难硐室压风供氧分布规律研究

为实现避难硐室内良好生存环境,提高人员生存环境质量,并为今后避难硐室的设计提供指导性依据,基于数值模拟软件FLUENT仿真平台,以压风供氧方式下的避难硐室生存区为研究对象,对主要扰动源进行分析,建立两种压风供氧管路方案下的避难硐室三维模型.通过控制方程组、RNG k-ε湍流模型、有限容积离散方法和SIMPLE算法相结合的方式,实现避难硐室空气分布可视化.得出在压风供氧下,以九个布气孔弥散式均匀布气的管道布置及尺寸设计最优方案,以及硐室内氧气和二氧化碳体积分数的主要分布规律.通过现场载人试验验证了数值模拟的可靠性.     

混凝土断裂力学及其研究现状

混凝土断裂力学是20世纪60年代基于金属断裂力学的基本理论基础而发展起来的固体力学分支．它主要研究含裂缝体的混凝土材料和混凝土结构的破坏过程以及裂缝传播规律，建立断裂准则，探讨如何控制和防止混凝土结构断裂破坏的措施．综述了断裂力学及混凝土断裂力学的产生和发展，对国内外研究混凝土断裂力学的现状进行了介绍和讨论。     

Emergent command and control architecture for dynamic agent communities

Dynamic multi-agent systems require some accountability mechanism to ensure goal distribution and completion. Accountability can be maintained through proper delineation of power. An organisation is well delineated when each member has an unambiguous power relationship with its peers. Since responsibility and authority follow fully de-conflicted patterns, a delineated organisation is well suited for solving problems. This paper describes a non-deterministic agent level algorithm that emergently simulates various organisational structures and maintains a well-delineated power structure. The appropriateness of this algorithm is demonstrated in a highly dynamic, poor communication network system. A metric is provided which quantifies the appropriateness of the emerging organisational structures. A structure is considered appropriate if an unambiguous chain of accountability exists leading to the human overseer of the system.     

突现（emergence）———系统研究的新观念

当系统科学的研究重点从系统的物质结构转变到有关系统的信息特征和功能特征的探讨以后,“突现”这种新观念就成了系统科学研究的中心课题。在复杂性科学的推动下,这种观念给一些领域带来巨大变化。大型计算机的出现与利用为这种研究提供了最恰当的工具和新的实验性,但在以解决实际问题为出发点和目标的开放的复杂巨系统的研究中,还需要新的方法论“从定性到定量的综合集成法”的补充和扩展,人机结合的大成智慧是这类研究的有效     

人工生命在计算机图形学中的应用

首先介绍了细胞自动机和L-系统在计算机图形建模中的应用,然后重点综述三维物理模拟环境中虚拟生物形态和行为共进化的研究进展,并对不同的编码策略进行了比较;最后讨论了智能虚拟环境中的人工生命及其艺术化问题。