Economic perspectives on diagnosis and treatment planning in periodontology

Abstract Economic factors in diagnosis and treatment planning in periodontology may be considered from several points of view. A first perspective is that of government responsibility. Because of the explosion in health care expenditure in the last decade, public funding of dental care programmes may become static or even reduced. Most governments try to curb the ever growing public health expenditure. Consequently, terms like effectiveness, efficiency and accountability are now becoming common words also in relation to periodontal health care. Moreover, private insurance companies, which have entered this area, may be individual patient who, explicitly or implicitly, would like to consider the services individual patient, who explicitly or implicitly, would like to consider the sendees rendered in periodontal therapy and prevention as cost-effective. Features of supply of and demand for care on an individual basis should also be considered. Finally, the periodontist or general practitioner has to consider economic factors. In professional life, there should be a balance between good working conditions providing satisfactory care, and the demands and priorities of individual patients and the community at large.     

关于社区卫生服务人力资源开发的思考与探讨

基于北京市朝阳区大力发展社区卫生服务３年多的实践,就发展社区卫生服务的关键所在－人力资源开发,在配置卫生资源,实施全科医学培训工程,制定相应政策保障,充分展示社区卫生服务功能等方面的现状及其对策进行了充分的论述和有益的探讨。     

我国康复治疗技术岗位需求预测研究

目的：进行我国康复治疗技术岗位需求的预测，为制定康复治疗技术人才的培养规划提供依据。方法：①采用文献检索法了解我们与国外康复治疗人员配置的差距。②用动态数列法和趋势分析法计算我国2005年和2010年的床位数，采用床位数／康复治疗师比值法，预测2005年和2010年所需的康复治疗师人数。③专家咨询法：选取全国康复医学专家52名，收集各医院康复医学科康复治疗师目前的人数和2005年、2010年治疗师配置情况的预测。据此计算2005年和2010年所需的康复治疗师人数；另参考广东省康复医学专家对未来10年我国各级医院康复治疗师配置和需求总量提出的预测意见。结果：①我国康复治疗师总数现在约为0.4/10万人口，北京市二级医院康复医学科康复治疗师存在较大人员缺口，社区康复治疗师配置尤为薄弱。②2005年需要康复治疗师43700-47000名，2010年需要康复治疗师68910-74000名；③广东部分专家的预测：2005年和2010年全国需要的康复治疗师人数为约1．5万人和3．5万人。结论：2005年我国需要康复治疗师的保守估计是1．5万人，乐观估计是4．5万人。2010年我国需要康复治疗师的人数保守估计是3.5万人，乐观估计是6．9万人。2005年PT：OT=2．51：1,2010年PT：OT=2．48：1。     

Orem自理模式在儿科护理人力资源分层管理中的应用

目的 探索Orem自理模式在儿科护理人力资源分层管理的可行性和经验。方法 通过Orem自理模式在儿科的应用分析患儿的自理需求，评估患儿的自理缺陷以选择相应的护理体系，按系统有层次的配置护理人力并建立各职能层次人员的目标管理制度。结果 Orem自理模式的应用对提高患儿生活质量及建立健全人格非常重要；可以增加护患之间的沟通及提高患儿及家属对护理工作的满意度，强调了护理的专业自主性，但也对护士提出了更高的要求。结论 应用Orem自理模式于儿科护理人力资源，能给患儿提供更合适的护理帮助并能分层次合理使用护理人员，充分发挥了各级护理人员的工作积极性。     

A critical review of knowledge on nurses with problematic substance use: The need to move from individual blame to awareness of structural factors

Problematic substance use (PSU) among nurses has wide‐ranging adverse implications. A critical integrative literature review was conducted with an emphasis on building knowledge regarding the influence of structural factors within nurses' professional environments on nurses with PSU. Five thematic categories emerged: (i) access, (ii) stress, and (iii) attitudes as contributory factors, (iv) treatment policies for nurses with PSU, and (v) the culture of the nursing profession. Conclusions were that an overemphasis on individual culpability and failing predominates in the literature and that crucial knowledge gaps exist regarding the influence of structural factors on driving and shaping nurses' substance use.     

Examining Pharmacy Workforce Issues in the United States and the United Kingdom

Objective. To examine available data and actions surrounding current pharmacy workforce issues in the United States and United Kingdom.Methods. Published pharmacy workforce data from the United States and United Kingdom were gathered from various sources, including PUBMED, Internet search engines, and pharmacy organization websites. Data was collated from additional sources including scientific literature, internal documents, news releases, and policy positions.Results. The number of colleges and schools of pharmacy has expanded by approximately 50% in both the United States and United Kingdom over the previous decade. In the United States, continued demand for the pharmacy workforce has been forecasted, but this need is based on outdated supply figures and assumptions for economic recovery. In the United Kingdom, workforce modeling has predicted a significant future oversupply of pharmacists, and action within the profession has attempted to address the situation through educational planning and regulation.Conclusion. Workforce planning is an essential task for sustaining a healthy profession. Recent workforce planning mechanisms in the United Kingdom may provide guidance for renewed efforts within the profession in the United States.     

北京市区(县)结核病防治机构人力资源现状调查及配置评价

目的 了解北京市区(县)结核病防治（简称“结防”）机构卫生人力资源现状,评价卫生资源人口分布和地理分布配置的均衡性。 方法 2011年8-9月调查全市所辖18个区(县)（包括原宣武区和崇文区）结防机构326名结核病防治专业人员的年龄、学历、职称等信息,同时收集当年人口数和地理面积,并利用洛伦兹曲线（Lorenz curve）和基尼系数（Gini coefficient）测算均衡性。 结果 实际在职326名,结防专业人员平均年龄（42.04±5.37）岁。结防专业人员以大专及以下学历为主,占74.85%(244/326);其次是本科学历,占21.78%(71/326);硕士学历3.07%(10/326),无博士学历。初级职称占52.15%(170/326）;中级职称40.18%(131/326);高级职称4.60%(15/326)。人均服务人口5.38万人,人均服务半径为4.05 km。按照人口分布和陆地面积分布的基尼系数分别为0.49和0.62。 结论 北京市区(县)结防机构专业人员学历偏低,高级职称人员较少,卫生人力资源配置在服务地理分布和人口数方面配置均未达到较好均衡性,北京市区(县)人力资源配置有待进一步加强。     

探讨新陈代谢GM（1,1）和线性回归耦合模型在卫生人力资源预测中的应用：以护理人员相对数预测为例

目的 以护理人员相对数预测为例,探讨新陈代谢GM（1,1）和线性回归耦合模型的在卫生人力资源预测中的应用,提供卫生人力预测方法学参考.方法 采用新陈代谢GM（1,1）和线性回归耦合模型进行预测拟合分析.结果 新陈代谢GM（1,1）模型预测值与实际值拟合误差较小,耦合模型预测精度高.结论 耦合模型弥补了灰色系统模型中不含线性因素的不足,又改善了线性回归预测模型中不能表达指数增长的缺陷,模型构建合理可行.