Application of Code Approach for Emergency Evacuation in a Rail Station

This paper presents an emergency evacuation analysis during a mid-platform train fire in an underground rail station. A time-based evacuation scenario is developed taking into account the stairway inaccessibility due to smoke blockage. The calculation approach in NFPA 130 is then applied to a parametric study of this time-based scenario and its reliability is examined using a micro-simulation model. Both methods give consistent predictions of the exiting times. The results demonstrate that with the division of the station into two zones, the exiting time could not meet the code requirements, whereas it does meet the required exiting time without the division. Such division is due to smoke blockage and creates an uneven ratio of the occupant load to the available exiting capacity. This shows that appropriate consideration of the fire and smoke effects is important for station egress evaluation. Other issues such as the fire growth rate and the pre-evacuation time are also discussed.     

某商品大集人员疏散的仿真模拟研究

目前,在各地均有商贸活动开展,且参与人员众多,如果公安机关事先未做好预案,一旦发生突发性事件,人员疏散不到位,极易造成群死群伤事件。文章以商品大集为例,构建参与人员的流动模型,利用计算机技术实现流量和流动状况的模拟仿真,获得接近实际的流动的时间和动态过程．利于事先对类似活动拥堵情况进行准确评估。     

前向树状紧急疏散网络的自适应性控制策略分析

针对前向树状的紧急疏散网络,提出了一种不需要进行需求预测且具有适应性和强鲁棒性的分散式控制疏散策略.通过分析如何确定典型匝道与快速路交汇点处的最优疏散路线,明确了构建可控疏散网络的基本原则.定义了前向树状紧急疏散网络,并对所构建网络的适用范围和具体风险水平标定处理作了明确说明.针对前向树状网络的典型子结构,给出了可以始终充分利用下游通行能力,且充分考虑上游来流具有较高风险水平特点的具体疏散路线选择及放流策略.在上述典型子结构分析基础上,给出了包括如何逆流向确定路段限制性通行能力、顺流向确定路段最大可行流量以及实时动态调整疏散策略等基本步骤的网络疏散策略.最后,通过一个数值算例,比较了新策略与纯粹上游优先策略、纯粹下游优先策略的运行效率,证明了新的适应控制策略的可行性与有效性.     

高铁车厢内部紧急情况下人员疏散仿真研究

在引入元胞自动机理论的基础上,模拟分析了紧急情况下人员生理及心理的不同对疏散过程的影响,通过人员动态调整自身行为,并引入人员竞争力,对人员疏散过程建立模型。在疏散过程中,根据存在着一定程度的外部干扰因素,提出疏散干扰度概念。计算机仿真的结果表明,考虑人员竞争力,以及出口疏散干扰的问题,可以更加真实地模拟人员紧急疏散过程和疏散状况。     

基于元胞自动机的交通枢纽内人群疏散效率研究

利用元胞自动机仿真不同出口位置和不同内部布局下交通枢纽内人员的疏散情况,通过制定合适的人员行走规则,对交通枢纽内人员疏散进行仿真分析。结果表明,正面中央开口时人员的疏散效率最高,此时由于人员相对于出口大概呈对称分布,人员对过道的利用率达到最高;和正面边缘开口相比,出口位置设置在侧面更好,以减少行人在行走过程中方向的变化从而减少疏散时间。当在侧面开口时,在靠近出口墙壁处设置过道可以提高人群的疏散效率,并且适当地增加过道数目,可以对疏散人群起到分流的作用,从而对人群的疏散也很有利。     

泵抽空保护在水电厂排水系统的探索及实现

为保证岩滩水电站厂内排水系统的正常工作,保证各排水泵的正常运行,笔者从几年来的工作经验,阐述了如何从泵的二次控制系统方面来实现泵的抽空保护,采取由软启动器、可编程控制器组成的全方位保护,实现了排水系统完善保护,提高了电厂的安全水平和设备的自动化水平.     

采用红外线的大型公共场所人流诱导疏散方法的研究

针对当前我国城市中各大型公共场所人流量较大易造成拥堵这一状况,本文设计了一套智能化的人流快速诱导疏散系统。该系统可实时监测通道内的人流情况,并在拥堵时通过警示灯提醒行人,指示灯和语音提示自动指引行人使用闲置通道或备用通道。此系统具有实时性、稳定性、智能化的特点。     

Validation of reported events from a vertical chute marine evacuation study

Background

The use of vertical chute marine evacuation systems (MES) is now well established on board marine passenger vessels; this system has yet to be deployed in an emergency situation, however, it has been associated with a fatality and several major injuries during training. Brunel University's Ethics Committee endorsed an initial retrospective cross sectional study (Harwood and Farrow, 2008) and the present quantitative observational study. Harwood and Farrow (2008) found that the physical, physiological and psychological characteristics of potential evacuees increased the likelihood of injury and adversely affected the reliability of the system.

Purpose

The validation of factors associated with the adverse outcomes recorded by Harwood and Farrow (2008) during vertical chute MES training, and to assess the hypothesis that evacuee's clothing material will affect the efficiency of the system.

Design

Observational data in a marine training establishment providing a triangulation measurement process of evidence from the retrospective study (Harwood and Farrow, 2008). Subjects were three hundred and seventy five representative participants on training courses for evacuation from a ship into inflated life rafts. The main outcome measures were stopping during descent and exiting the chute in an undesirable position.

Results

6.1% stopped momentarily during descent; 20.3% exited the chute in an undesirable position; on entering the raft 7.7% flipped over and 9.1% had their legs tucked up under their bodies. Independent variables including evacuees' clothing material were statistically significantly associated with adverse outcomes. Participants stopping during descent had an RR of 3.03 (95% CI 1.38, 6.64) for exiting the chute in an undesirable position.

Conclusions

This quantitative observational study broadly supported the results obtained from the retrospective cross sectional study (Harwood and Farrow, 2008). Stopping during descent and evacuee clothing increased the likelihood of undesirable outcomes and impacted on the efficiency of the system.     

大型公共场所应急状态下交通诱导疏散模型

针对大型公共场所在应急状态下交通诱导疏散问题,以疏散网系统最优和疏散时间最短为目标,建立了交通诱导疏散双层规划模型。采用基于排序选择的改进粒子群优化算法(Ordered choice model particle swarm optimization,OCMPSO)对其进行求解。最后对某市一大型体育活动中心进行了仿真验证。结果表明:本文提出的模型能够有效地对突发事件下的公共场所待疏散车辆进行高效安全的疏散。     

某大型商贸中心的人员疏散性能化分析

新型建筑不断涌现使得火灾安全性能化设计被广泛应用，人员疏散是其中的关键环节。结合某大型商贸中心的火灾安全性能化设计方案，利用CAFE模型分析了人员疏散性能。结果表明，由于该模型量化了人员疏散过程中人与人、人与环境之间的作用力，因此计算得到的人员疏散时间比同类软件更加保守，分析结果具有更高的可靠性。