Pretreatment of Highly Polluted Pharmaceutical Waste Broth by Wet Air Oxidation

The preoxidation of a highly polluted waste pharmaceutical fermentation broth using wet air oxidation (WAO) has been studied as a possible method for the effective removal of organics. The applied (pre)treatment method should enhance the biotreatability of the pharmaceutical fermentation broth in terms of reduced initial toxicity and higher biodegradability. Preliminary experiments in the pilot biological treatment plant were successful only at low organic loads, whereas the system collapses at higher ones. The characterization of the fermentation broth was started by common physicochemical analysis, whereas several bioassays were used to determine its impact on biological treatment plants and the environment. Toxicity prior to and after WAO was determined using the acute Vibrio fischeri test, measurement of inhibition of O2 consumption, and the Daphnia magna acute test. Ready biodegradability of the treated and untreated broth has also been assessed. WAO experiments were accomplished in the 2?L batch reactor at different temperatures (240/280°C) and operating pressures. WAO experiments confirmed reduction of the toxicity toward microorganisms, whereas oxidized wastewater was more toxic to daphnids. Biodegradability of the oxidized broth has also been enhanced. Further work has been focused on designing appropriate combination of WAO and biological processes.     

普通聚烯烃类塑料生物降解研究进展

介绍了高分子材料生物降解的概念、生物降解的作用方式,影响生物降解的因素,并且分析了高分子聚合物生物降解的研究现状,从添加易生物降解的填料法和添加光氧助剂-生物降解法这两个方面总结了普通聚烯烃类塑料生物降解研究进展,指出了今后研究的重点。     

Analysis of microbial adaptation at enzyme level for enhancing biodegradation rate of BTX

Catechol was found to be a common intermediate in the degradation of benzene and toluene byAlcaligenes xyhsoxidans Y234, and the ring cleavage of the catechol mediated by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was a rate-determining step. Since benzene induced higher level of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase than toluene, the cells pre-adapted to benzene showed higher degradation rate of benzene and toluene. The degradation rate ofm-xylene was also increased significantly when benzene-adapted cells were inoculated.m-Xylene was metabolized via 3-methyl catechol which was effectively cleaved by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase.     

多糖类生物降解材料的研究进展

本文在参考二十八篇文献及专利报道的基础上详述了以多糖类天然高分子为原料的生物降解材料的研究发展。淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖及其它多糖，是自然界中大量存在的天然高分子材料，来源丰富，价格低廉、且易被微生物分解。多糖类降解材料可用通用的加工方法和设备加工成型，产品性能优良，可完全生物降解，其开发和应用是解决目前世界范围内的塑料产生的污染问题的理想途径。     

A novel method of utilizing the biomass resource: Rapid liquefaction of wheat straw and preparation of biodegradable polyurethane foam (PUF)

In the paper, wheat straw was rapidly liquefied in the mild condition. The optimum liquefaction effect was obtained at steam-explosion pre-treatment of wheat straw, liquefaction temperature of 140 °C, solvent/wheat straw ratio of 6:1, glycol (EG):glycerol = 5, sulfuric acid of 5%, and wheat straw of water content of 150%. During the liquefaction, cellulose, semi-cellulose and lignin are decomposed, which results in changes of hydroxyl value, acid value, viscosity and weight-average molecular weight of the reaction system. The liquefaction product was used to prepare polyurethane foam. Compared with the normal PUF, the foam had similar mechanical properties and better water absorption and biodegradability.     

Engineering Aspects of the Integration of Chemical and Biological Oxidation: Simple Mechanistic Models for the Oxidation Treatment

Oxidation processes can oxidize biorecalcitrant compounds into biodegradable intermediates, which in turn can be treated less expensively by a subsequent biological process. To design such a two-step (chemical+biological) process to treat poorly characterized wastewaters, it is useful to model the time evolution of characteristic global variables, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), in order to develop a useful treatment strategy based upon these classical variables. We consider two simple model reaction networks, requiring three- and five-rate constants, respectively. The first model, proposed recently, involves conversion of a nonbiodegradable species, C, into a single biodegradable intermediate S. Here, biodegradable compounds are immediate kinetic products of oxidation. In general, it is not probable that a single recalcitrant compound undergoes a single-step reaction to CO2. However, when working with complex undefined wastewaters streams, single-step reactions may be used to simplify. The second new model corresponds to a lag time in BOD formation due to the necessity of multiple partial oxidations to reach a first biodegradable intermediate. The second network includes two intermediates, I and S, which are, respectively, nonbiodegradable and biodegradable. We then compare model behavior with an unfortunately sparse literature on BOD and COD values versus time in chemical reactors, and demonstrate the convenience of the first model, and the occasional necessity of the second, which reflects the presence of early intermediates which are nonbiodegradable.     

可完全生物降解材料的应用进展

介绍了可生物降解材料的降解机理和特点,综述了化学合成型、天然高分子型和微生物合成型可完全生物降解材料的研究现状及其在各个领域的最新应用进展。     

多环芳烃蒽在两种贝类中的检测及生物降解研究

目的 比较月亮贝(Neolamprologuscalliurus)和竹蛏(Solenstrictu)对多环芳烃蒽的富集作用,筛选获得高效蒽降解菌株。方法 采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatohraphy-mass spectromety, GC-MS)检测两种贝类中蒽的含量,采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)比较6种菌株和上述菌株等体积混合得到的菌群对蒽的降解率,并对高效菌株或菌群的降解条件进行优化。结果 两种贝类均能够对蒽进行富集,在0.5和5μg/L蒽处理条件下,月亮贝对蒽的富集比竹蛏高2.75和3.34倍。6种菌株对蒽的降解率可达92.11%～95.90%,而混合菌群对蒽的降解率最高可达97.17%。菌群生物降解蒽的最佳条件为pH 6、温度27℃、降解时间15 d。另外,添加30 mg/L Mg²⁺促进了混合菌群对蒽的降解。结论 月亮贝对蒽的富集高于竹蛏,混合菌群对蒽的降解率最高,添加Mg²⁺可以促进蒽的生物降解。     

氯苯降解菌的筛选及降解条件

以筛选氯苯降解菌株为目的从抚顺石油二厂污水处理曝气池中的活性污泥中筛选到一株具有降解氯苯能力的菌株, 命名为LP01, 依据该菌株的菌落特征、菌体形态以及染色反应和生理生化反应鉴定, 初步判断其属于假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas .sp)。同时分别考察培养温度、氯苯质量浓度、pH 值及摇床转速各单因素对该菌株降解氯苯性能的影响。并设计正交实验以选择菌株LP01 对氯苯降解的最佳条件。实验结果表明, LP01菌株对氯苯降解的最佳条件为:培养温度为35 ℃, 底物质量浓度为30 mg/ L, pH 值为8, 摇床转速为120 r/min 。在该条件下该菌株对氯苯的降解率可达到93.9%。