Novel taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets for a highly soluble drug with an extremely bitter taste: design rationale and evaluation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the taste masking potential of novel solid dispersions (SDs) using Eudragit^® EPO as the excipient when incorporated into the orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) for delivering a highly soluble drug with an extremely bitter taste. The pyridostigmine bromides (PB) SDs (PBSDs) were prepared by solvent evaporation–deposition method. The physicochemical properties of PBSDs were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The dissolution test showed that only about 8% of PB was released from PBSDs in the simulated salivary fluid in 30 s. Therefore, PBSDs were considered taste-masked and selected for formulation of PBODTs. A central composite design was employed for process optimization. Multiple linear regression analysis for process optimization revealed that the optimal PBODTs were obtained, when the microcrystalline cellulose and crospovidone were 17.16 and 5.55 (%, w/w), respectively, and the average in vivo disintegration time was 25 s. The bitterness threshold of PB was examined by a sensory test, and the threshold value was set as 3?mg in each tablet. Taste evaluation of PBODTs in 18 volunteers revealed considerable taste masking with bitterness below the threshold value. PBODTs also revealed rapid drug release (around 99%, 2?min) in the simulated gastric fluid. The mean PB plasma concentration–time profiles of PBODTs and that of the commercial tablets were comparable, with closely similar pattern. Bioequivalence assessment results demonstrated that PBODTs and the commercial tablets were bioequivalent. In conclusion, PBODTs are prepared successfully, with taste masking and rapid disintegration in the oral cavity.     

波生坦片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的:评价中国健康受试者单剂量口服波生坦片受试制剂和参比制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:采用随机、开放、双序列、双周期交叉设计,24例中国健康男性受试者,分别在空腹和餐后情况下,单剂量口服波生坦参比和受试制剂各125 mg。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中的波生坦及其活性代谢物羟基波生坦的浓度,以WinNonlin软件按非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,进行生物等效性评价。结果:空腹试验,受试和参比制剂波生坦主要药代动力学参数：Cmax分别为(2.72±1.09)、(2.59±1.02) μg/mL,AUC0-t分别为(13.51±4.55)、(12.61±4.25) μg·mL-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(14.04±4.46)、 (13.02±4.24) μg·mL-1·h,tmax分别为(3.75±0.81)、(3.98±0.76) h,t1/2分别为(2.70±0.88)、(2.77±0.91) h。餐后试验受试和参比制剂波生坦主要药代动力学参数：Cmax分别为(2.84±0.68)、(2.95±0.99) μg/mL, AUC0-t分别为(14.66±4.27)、(15.34±6.09) μg·mL-1·h, AUC0-∞分别为(15.04±4.41)、(15.68±6.19) μg·mL-1·h,tmax分别为(3.98±1.05)、(3.98±1.21) h,t1/2分别为(2.55±0.65)、(2.71±0.63) h。空腹和餐后试验,两制剂波生坦的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax经对数转换后行方差分析,两制剂在给药顺序、制剂间及周期间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。在α=0.05水平上行双单侧t检验,AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax的90%置信区间均在80%～125%的等效区间范围内。结论:波生坦片受试制剂与参比制剂在空腹和餐后条件下均具有生物等效性。     

Quality-by-design approach for the development of telmisartan potassium tablets

A quality-by-design approach was adopted to develop telmisartan potassium (TP) tablets, which were bioequivalent with the commercially available Micardis^® (telmisartan free base) tablets. The dissolution pattern and impurity profile of TP tablets differed from those of Micardis^® tablets because telmisartan free base is poorly soluble in water. After identifying the quality target product profile and critical quality attributes (CQAs), drug dissolution, and impurities were predicted to be risky CQAs. To determine the exact range and cause of risks, we used the risk assessment (RA) tools, preliminary hazard analysis and failure mode and effect analysis to determine the parameters affecting drug dissolution, impurities, and formulation. The range of the design space was optimized using the face-centered central composite design among the design of experiment (DOE) methods. The binder, disintegrant, and kneading time in the wet granulation were identified as X values affecting Y values (disintegration, hardness, friability, dissolution, and impurities). After determining the design space with the desired Y values, the TP tablets were formulated and their dissolution pattern was compared with that of the reference tablet. The selected TP tablet formulated using design space showed a similar dissolution to that of Micardis^® tablets at pH 7.5. The QbD approach TP tablet was bioequivalent to Micardis^® tablets in beagle dogs.     

快速灵敏的LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中阿莫西林并应用于两种制剂的一致性评价

目的: 建立快速灵敏的LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中阿莫西林浓度,并用于两种阿莫西林胶囊的一致性评价。方法: 采用岛津公司LCMS-8060型LC-MS/MS仪,以MRM模式测定阿莫西林（m/z 366.00/114.00）的浓度,d4-阿莫西林作内标（m/z 370.10/114.05）,离子源为ESI源。色谱柱选用Waters ACQUITY BEH C18（2.1×50 mm,1.7 μm）,梯度洗脱。血浆样本加入内标,经甲醇沉淀蛋白后取上清液进样检测。结果: 所建方法经验证,其线性、准确度、精密度、最低定量限、提取回收率、特异性、基质效应、稳定性等各项指标均符合CFDA的指导原则及最新核查标准要求,并较文献报道中的方法有处理简单、灵敏度高、色谱峰形好的优点。结论: 所建方法快速、灵敏,适用于人血浆中阿莫西林浓度的检测。用于一致性评价的样本实测,两种制剂生物等效。     

Topical safety and vasoconstrictive assay-based bioequivalence of a new reformulated mometasone cream

Objectives: A new improved mometasone furoate (Elocon?) cream with an emulsification system that produces a stable emulsion has been developed. In order to register the product in various markets, it was essential to ensure the cream was topically well tolerated and that it was bioequivalent to the reference product.

Methods: Phase I clinical studies were performed to assess the local safety and tolerability upon multiple dosing of this new cream as well as to assess the single-dose bioequivalence relative to the marketed product. Bioequivalence was assessed using a vasoconstrictive assay (VCA) after a dose-duration pilot study was completed with the marketed Elocon cream.

Key findings: The new mometasone cream and its vehicle were nonirritating in healthy subjects during 21-day patch application (MCII <0.025). The positive control was moderately irritating in the same study. The pivotal VCA study enrolled 162 subjects with 105 detectors included in the analysis of bioequivalence. In the 105 detectors, the ratio (×100%) of AUEC values at ED₅₀ for test vs. standard (90% CI) was 112.91% (105.55, 120.87), within the bioequivalence criteria of (80, 125).

Conclusions: These studies supported the registration of reformulated mometasone cream in various markets.     

诺氟沙星片在中国健康受试者空腹和餐后状态下生物等效性研究#br#

目的：采用随机、开放、两周期、自身交叉、单次给药试验设计比较浙江医药股份有限公司新昌制药厂生产的诺氟沙星片与原研产品BACCIDAL在中国健康人体中的生物利用度,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。方法：分别在空腹和餐后条件下,健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服诺氟沙星片受试制剂或参比制剂100 mg,采用液相色谱-质谱串联（LC-MS/MS）法测定受试者服药前后不同时间点血浆内药物浓度,采用WinNonlin 7.0软件计算主要药代动力学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果：空腹试验共有28例受试者入组并完成试验,诺氟沙星受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为（607.62±125.24）ng/mL和（552.01±134.11）ng/mL;AUC0-t分别为（2 551.66±509.08）ng·mL-1·h和（2 429.98±460.47）ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为（2 675.40±523.04）ng·mL-1·h和（2 557.68±485.43）ng·mL-1·h;t1/2分别为（6.07±0.69）h和（6.18±0.92）h;两种制剂的Cmax、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞几何均值比的90%置信区间分别为101.45%～121.94%、98.96%～111.27%、98.82%～110.76%。餐后试验共有28例受试者入组并完成试验,诺氟沙星受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为：（256.54±58.87）ng/mL和（300.80±94.67）ng/mL;AUC0-t分别为（1 314.74±349.92）ng·mL-1·h和（1 278.60±314.77）ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为（1 413.73±361.98）ng·mL-1·h和（1 374.98±321.62）ng·mL-1·h;t1/2分别为（6.66±1.23）h和（6.66±1.34）h;两种制剂的Cmax、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞几何均值比的90%置信区间分别为81.42%～93.56%、99.61%～105.58%、99.80%～105.21%。结论：浙江医药股份有限公司新昌制药厂生产的诺氟沙星片与原研产品BACCIDAL在中国健康受试者空腹和餐后服用的状态下等效且安全性良好,临床上可以替换使用。     

窄治疗指数药物的生物等效性评价进展

近年来窄治疗指数类药物的生物等效性评价备受关注,关于窄治疗指数药物生物等效性如何评价,一些要点问题尚存很大的争议。目前国内尚无相关指导原则,本文分析和介绍了窄治疗指数类药物生物等效性研究的困难及主要解决方法,参考国内外法规、指导原则及相关文献,对窄治疗窗药物生物等效性评价及参比制剂校正的平均生物等效性（RSABE）方法展开介绍,以期对我国窄治疗指数类药物的仿制药质量与疗效一致性评价工作提供借鉴和帮助。     

人体生物等效性临床试验风险伦理评估要点初探

人体生物等效性试验是评价制剂质量的重要指标。由于已有大量药物有效性和安全性的数据积累,因而其伦理风险往往容易被申办方和伦理委员会所忽视。本文列出了几个具体案例,对人体生物等效性试验中伦理风险提出了几个评估要点,包括：药品说明书中的不良反应;种族差异;健康志愿者和适应症患者不良反应差异等,以期为人体等效性试验的伦理风险控制提供有益的参考。     

LC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中丁酸氯维地平浓度

本研究建立了液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法测定比格犬血浆中丁酸氯维地平浓度,用来研究自制的丁酸氯地平脂肪乳注射液与原研产品在比格犬体内的药代动力学参数,同时比较其生物等效性。实验以氨氯地平为内标,选取Phenomenex Luna C8色谱柱（2.0 mm×150 mm×5 μm）,以甲醇0.1%甲酸溶液（82∶18,V/V）为流动相,采用Waters Quattro Micro API的正离子检测方式,用MassLynx4.1软件进行数据处理。结果表明,丁酸氯维地平标准曲线的线性范围为0.4～100 μg/L。主要的药代动力学参数：参比制剂和试验制剂的C_max平均值分别为（58.748±16.738）μg/L和（53.706±18.963）μg/L;T_max分别为（2.938±0.678）μg/L和（2.875±0.991）μg/L;T_1/2分别为（11.88±3.824）min和（11.587±3.634）min;AUC_0→t分别为（1 883.821±647.882）μg•min/L和(1 856.541±590.653) μg•min/L;AUC_0→∞分别为(1 889.834±649.135) μg•min/L和(1 863.485±592.039) μg•min/L。方差分析表明,这两种制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异;双单侧t检验结果表明,两制剂在比格犬体内为生物等效制剂。     

丁苯酞注射液在中国健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的：研究空腹条件下静脉滴注受试制剂丁苯酞注射液（规格：5 mL：25 mg,南京优科制药有限公司生产）与参比制剂丁苯酞氯化钠注射液（商品名：恩必普）在健康受试者体内的生物等效性及安全性。方法：采用随机、开放、两周期、双交叉给药试验设计,选择24名健康受试者分别交叉单次静脉注射丁苯酞注射液受试制剂和参比制剂100 mL,输液量（100±5） mL（输液泵允许有5%以内的误差）,时间55 min。采用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS /MS）法测定血浆中丁苯酞浓度,使用WinNonlin 6.4软件计算主要药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果：24名健康受试者输注受试制剂和参比制剂后,丁苯酞的主要药动学参数：AUC0-t：（541.0±78.6）ng·mL-1·h和（525.0±76.1）ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞：（571.0±82.1） ng·mL-1·h和（555.0±88.1） ng·mL-1·h;Cmax：（295.0±62.7） ng/mL和（291.0±56.5） ng/mL;Tmax分别为0.92（0.33, 0.92）h和0.92（0.33, 0.93）h。t1/2分别为（16.60±6.85） h和（15.80±5.88）h。受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t,AUC0-∞,Cmax的几何均数比值（GMR）的90%置信区间均在80.0%～125.0%的范围内。结论：受试制剂丁苯酞注射液与原研丁苯酞注射液具有生物等效性。