A stepwise method for determining the number of component distributions in a mixture

This paper considers the problem of estimatingm, the number of components in a finite mixture of distributions from a parametric family. A step-up procedure using the bootstrap method is proposed. Some properties of the procedure are illustrated with simulation studies. An example of the method, applied to orientation of beach clasts, is given.     

Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes

Although laboratory stick-slip friction experiments have long been regarded as analogs to natural crustal earthquakes, the potential use of laboratory results for understanding the earthquake source mechanism has not been fully exploited because of essential difficulties in relating seismographic data to measurements made in the controlled laboratory environment. Mining-induced earthquakes, however, provide a means of calibrating the seismic data in terms of laboratory results because, in contrast to natural earthquakes, the causative forces as well as the hypocentral conditions are known. A comparison of stick-slip friction events in a large granite sample with mining-induced earthquakes in South Africa and Canada indicates both similarities and differences between the two phenomena. The physics of unstable fault slip appears to be largely the same for both types of events. For example, both laboratory and mining-induced earthquakes have very low seismic efficiencies where _a is the apparent stress and is the average stress acting on the fault plane to cause slip; nearly all of the energy released by faulting is consumed in overcoming friction. In more detail, the mining-induced earthquakes differ from the laboratory events in the behavior of as a function of seismic momentM ₀. Whereas for the laboratory events 0.06 independent ofM ₀, depends quite strongly onM ₀ for each set of induced earthquakes, with 0.06 serving, apparently, as an upper bound. It seems most likely that this observed scaling difference is due to variations in slip distribution over the fault plane. In the laboratory, a stick-slip event entails homogeneous slip over a fault of fixed area. For each set of induced earthquakes, the fault area appears to be approximately fixed but the slip is inhomogeneous due presumably to barriers (zones of no slip) distributed over the fault plane; at constant , larger events correspond to larger _a as a consequence of fewer barriers to slip. If the inequality _a / 0.06 has general validity, then measurements of _a =µE _a /M ₀, where is the modulus of rigidity andE _a is the seismically-radiated energy, can be used to infer the absolute level of deviatoric stress at the hypocenter.     

Testing earthquake prediction methods: «The West Pacific short-term forecast of earthquakes with magnitude MwHRV ≥ 5.8»

Analyzing the tables and probability maps posted by Yan Y. Kagan and David D. Jackson in April 2002–September 2004 at http://scec.ess.ucla.edu/~ykagan/predictions_index.html and the catalog of earthquakes for the same period, the conclusion is drawn that the underlying method could be used for prediction of aftershocks, while it does not outscore random guessing when main shocks are considered.     

Particle size dependent response of aerosol counters

During an international workshop at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Vienna, Austria, which was coordinated within the Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (IAMAS-IUGG), 10 instruments for aerosol number concentration measurement were studied, covering a wide range of methods based on various different measuring principles. In order to investigate the detection limits of the instruments considered with respect to particle size, simultaneous number concentration measurements were performed for monodispersed aerosols with particle sizes ranging from 1.5 to 50 nm diameter and various compositions.The instruments considered show quite different response characteristics, apparently related to the different vapors used in the various counters to enlarge the particles to an optically detectable size. A strong dependence of the 50% cutoff diameter on the particle composition in correlation with the type of vapor used in the specific instrument was found. An enhanced detection efficiency for ultrafine hygroscopic sodium chloride aerosols was observed with water operated systems, an analogous trend was found for n-butanol operated systems with nonhygroscopic silver and tungsten oxide particles.     

青海平安电磁辐射在中强震前短期前兆异常特征及预报效能研究

分析和整理了青海平安电磁辐射台自1993年7月以来的资料，发现震前平安单台电磁辐射在中强地震临震前有最大脉冲信号，并通过对无震异常，地震异常的分析判断，对其预报效能进行了R值评价。     

信号传输的屏蔽措施与研究

为了保证信息的正常传输,当布线环境有电磁干扰时,要相应地采用屏蔽系统。为了保证电子设备的正常工作,采用适当的屏蔽措施来阻挡或衰减电磁干扰。本文阐述了在现阶段雷灾中屏蔽的重要性以及屏蔽的具体施工,并对屏蔽的检验提出了一定的见解。     

广西桂东某地硅化破碎带型金矿的发现及意义

广西桂东某地硅化破碎带型金矿,是大瑶山地区北侧该类型金矿的首次发现,找矿意义深远。文章着重介绍该金矿的发现史,概述了其地球化学异常特征,提出应重新审视对１／２０ 万异常特别是低缓异常的评价,对处于有利成矿地质条件下的低缓异常的找矿意义,应重新确认     

中国省际水资源利用效率与空间溢出效应测度

基于省际水足迹和灰色水足迹等的面板数据,本文利用带有考虑和不考虑非期望产出的数据包络分析方法测度了1997-2011 年中国31 个省市区的水资源利用效率;建立基于经济—空间距离函数的空间权重矩阵,探讨水资源利用效率的空间自相关关系;利用绝对β趋同模型验证水资源利用效率增长趋势存在绝对β趋同,考虑和不考虑非期望产出情况下达到1/2 趋同程度的时间分别约为52.6 和5.6 年;运用空间Durbin 计量模型研究了中国省际水资源利用效率的空间溢出效应。研究发现：（1） 考虑和不考虑非期望产出的中国省际水资源利用效率都具有显著的空间自相关性;（2） 考虑和不考虑非期望产出的空间自回归系数ρ分别为0.278 和0.507,且都在1%的水平上显著,说明中国水资源利用效率存在空间溢出效应;（3） 考虑非期望产出情况下中国各省市的教育经费、交通基础设施、工业和农业用水比重因素正向影响水资源利用效率,外商直接投资、万元工业增加值用水量、人均用水量、降水总量因素负向影响水资源利用效率;（4） 不考虑非期望产出情况下中国各省市的劳均GDP因素较大正向显著影响,而交通基础设施和万元工业增加值用水量因素变为不显著影响;（5） 不考虑非期望产出的水资源利用效率测度对中国水资源真实利用情况出现偏差估计及对政策制定产生误导,考虑环境因素到水资源利用效率测度更为合理。