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1.
Langmuir films (LFs) of biphenyl and anthracene derivatives on the surface of liquid mercury were studied by surface-specific X-ray and surface tension measurements. Phases of lying-down, side-lying and standing-up molecules were found, some of which exhibit long-range lateral order. The molecular symmetry and the position and nature of the side-, end-, and headgroups are shown to dominate the structural evolution of the LFs with surface coverage. 相似文献
2.
Under water-rich conditions, small amphiphilic and hydrophobic drug molecules self-assemble into supramolecular nanostructures. Thus, substantial modifications in their interaction with cellular structures and the ability to reach intracellular targets could happen. Additionally, drug aggregates could be more toxic than the non-aggregated counterparts, or vice versa. Moreover, since self-aggregation reduces the number of effective “monomeric” molecules that interact with the target, the drug potency could be underestimated. In other cases, the activity could be ascribed to the non-aggregated molecule while it stems from its aggregates. Thus, drug self-assembly could mislead from drug throughput screening assays to advanced preclinical and clinical trials. Finally, aggregates could serve as crystallization nuclei. The impact that this phenomenon has on the biological performance of active compounds, the inconsistent and often controversial nature of the published data and the need for recommendations/guidelines as preamble of more harmonized research protocols to characterize drug self-aggregation were main motivations for this review. First, the key molecular and environmental parameters governing drug self-aggregation, the main drug families for which this phenomenon and the methods used for its characterization are described. Then, promising nanotechnology platforms investigated to prevent/control it towards a more efficient drug development process are briefly discussed. 相似文献
3.
Peter Revesz Jeffrey A. White 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》2005,540(2-3):470-479
A new method for white beam position monitoring for both bend magnet and wiggler synchrotron X-ray radiation has been developed. This method utilizes visible light luminescence generated as a result of ionization by the intense X-ray flux. In video beam position monitors (VBPMs), the luminescence of helium gas at atmospheric pressure is observed through a view port using a CCD camera next to the beam line. The beam position, profile, integrated intensity and FWHM are calculated from the distribution of luminescence intensity in each captured image by custom software. Misalignment of upstream apertures changes the image profile making VBPMs helpful for initial alignment of upstream beam line components. VBPMs can thus provide more information about the X-ray beam than most beam position monitors (BPMs). A beam position calibration procedure, employing a tilted plane-parallel glass plate placed in front of the camera lens, has also been developed. The accuracy of the VBPM system was measured during a bench-top experiment to be better than 1 μm. The He-luminescence-based VBPM system has been operative on three CHESS beam lines (F hard-bend and wiggler, A-line wiggler and G-line wiggler) for about a year. The beam positions are converted to analog voltages and used as feedback signals for beam stabilization. In our paper we discuss details of VBPM construction and describe further results of its performance. 相似文献
4.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic that has caused thousands of casualties and impacts all over the world. Most countries are facing a shortage of COVID-19 test kits in hospitals due to the daily increase in the number of cases. Early detection of COVID-19 can protect people from severe infection. Unfortunately, COVID-19 can be misdiagnosed as pneumonia or other illness and can lead to patient death. Therefore, in order to avoid the spread of COVID-19 among the population, it is necessary to implement an automated early diagnostic system as a rapid alternative diagnostic system. Several researchers have done very well in detecting COVID-19; however, most of them have lower accuracy and overfitting issues that make early screening of COVID-19 difficult. Transfer learning is the most successful technique to solve this problem with higher accuracy. In this paper, we studied the feasibility of applying transfer learning and added our own classifier to automatically classify COVID-19 because transfer learning is very suitable for medical imaging due to the limited availability of data. In this work, we proposed a CNN model based on deep transfer learning technique using six different pre-trained architectures, including VGG16, DenseNet201, MobileNetV2, ResNet50, Xception, and EfficientNetB0. A total of 3886 chest X-rays (1200 cases of COVID-19, 1341 healthy and 1345 cases of viral pneumonia) were used to study the effectiveness of the proposed CNN model. A comparative analysis of the proposed CNN models using three classes of chest X-ray datasets was carried out in order to find the most suitable model. Experimental results show that the proposed CNN model based on VGG16 was able to accurately diagnose COVID-19 patients with 97.84% accuracy, 97.90% precision, 97.89% sensitivity, and 97.89% of F1-score. Evaluation of the test data shows that the proposed model produces the highest accuracy among CNNs and seems to be the most suitable choice for COVID-19 classification. We believe that in this pandemic situation, this model will support healthcare professionals in improving patient screening. 相似文献
5.
采用放射性配体结合法,观察了不同低剂量X射线全身照射对小鼠脾细胞糖皮质激素受体(GCR)表达的影响及75mGy全身照射后GCR表达的时程变化。结果显示,25、50、75mGyX射线全身照射后8h小鼠脾细胞GCR表达明显下降;75mGyX射线全身照射后4hGCR表达开始下降,8hGCR表达显著低于对照组。低剂量X射线全身照射可降低小鼠脾细胞GCR的表达,提示GCR表达下调可能在低剂量辐射免疫增强效应 相似文献
6.
高性能峰值保持在核脉冲信号处理过程中具有重要的意义。结合实际x射线探测器输出脉冲特点,利用了一种运用跨导型运算放大器PKD01峰值保持芯片,该芯片具有通频带宽、响应速度快、峰值保持精度高、线性好等一系列优点,经过实际测量,可以准确的对脉冲信号进行峰值保持。 相似文献
7.
A semi-automatic lesion detection framework is proposed to detect areas of lesions from periapical dental X-rays using level set method. In this framework, first, a new proposed competitive coupled level set method is used to segment the image into three pathologically meaningful regions using two coupled level set functions. Tailored for the dental clinical setting, a two-stage clinical segmentation acceleration scheme is used. The method uses a trained support vector machine (SVM) classifier to provide an initial contour for two coupled level sets. Then, based on the segmentation results, an analysis scheme is applied. Firstly, the scheme builds an uncertainty map from which those areas with radiolucent will be automatically emphasized by a proposed color emphasis scheme. Those radiolucent in the teeth or jaw usually suggested possible lesions. Secondly, the scheme employs a method based on the average intensity profile to isolate the teeth and locate two types of lesions: periapical lesion (PL) and bifurcation lesion (BL). Experimental results show that our proposed segmentation method is able to segment the image into pathological meaningful regions for further analysis; our proposed framework is able to automatically provide direct visual cues for the lesion detection; and when given the orientation of the teeth, it is able to automatically locate the PL and BL with a seriousness level marked for further dental diagnosis. When used in the clinical setting, the framework enables dentist to improve interpretation and to focus their attention on critical areas. 相似文献
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10.
James Webber 《Inverse Problems in Science & Engineering》2016,24(8):1323-1346
We lay the foundations for a new fast method to reconstruct the electron density in X-ray scanning applications using measurements in the dark field. This approach is applied to a type of machine configuration with fixed energy sensitive (or resolving) detectors, and where the X-ray source is polychromatic. We consider the case where the measurements in the dark field are dominated by the Compton scattering process. This leads us to a 2D inverse problem where we aim to reconstruct an electron density slice from its integrals over discs whose boundaries intersect the given source point. We show that a unique solution exists for smooth densities compactly supported on an annulus centred at the source point. Using Sobolev space estimates, we determine a measure for the ill posedness of our problem based on the criterion given by Natterer ("The mathematics of computerized tomography" SIAM 2001). In addition, with a combination of our method and the more common attenuation coefficient reconstruction, we show under certain assumptions that the atomic number of the target is uniquely determined. We test our method on simulated data-sets with varying levels of added pseudo random noise. 相似文献