A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides

A technique for the synthesis of monosubstituted fatty amides at low temperature and ambient pressure was developed. This method involved the condensation of an amine with a triacylglycerol. The primary amine (ethyl,n-butyl,n-hexyl andn-octyl were tested) acted as reagent and solvent for the fatty substrates. No additional organic solvent or catalyst was added. Tallow, vegetable oils and fish oil all served well as substrates, as did pure tripalmitin. The rate of amidation was dependent upon temperature and the ratio of fat to amine. In a series of experiments conducted with tallow andn-butylamine at a fat:amine molar ratio of 1:16, amidation could be carried out at 20°C, producingn-butyltallowamide in 83% yield in 24 hr. When the fat:amine molar ratio was reduced to 1:8, and the temperature raised to 45°C, the amide yield was 87.6% in 24 hr. When the reaction was carried out at the boiling point ofn-butylamine (78°C) and at a fat:amine ratio of 1:8, the amide yield was 93.2% in 4 hr. The reaction progressed more rapidly with higher molecular weight amines. The identity and purity of the amides was assessed by thin-layer chromatography and confirmed by elemental analyses and infrared and C¹³ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

Characteristics of Uruguayan mutton tallow

Fourteen samples of Uruguayan mutton tallow available in the local market were analyzed for their composition, melting point and titer. From the results it can be concluded that Uruguayan mutton tallow contains a higher percentage of oleic acid and a lower percentage of palmitic and stearic acids than that of other countries.     

Environmental life-cycle inventory of detergent-grade surfactant sourcing and production

Life-cycle inventories were compiled to characterize natural resource requirements and environmental emissions associated with the sourcing and production of selected, detergent-grade surfactants and surfactant feedstocks. Petrochemical surfactant types examined were linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (AES). Oleochemical surfactants derived from palm oil, palm kernel oil and inedible tallow were AS, AE, AES and (for palm oil and tallow) methyl ester sulfonate. It was determined that natural resource requirements were primarily related to the source of feedstock and secondarily to surfactant type. Likewise, the composition and mass of atmospheric, aqueous and solid emissions were principally determined by feedstock source. Energy requirements varied as a function of both feedstock and surfactant type. The inventories do not support fundamental shifts in surfactant usage or feedstock sourcing on the basis of environmental concerns, as no single surfactant or feedstock was identified as superior across all resource and emissions criteria examined. The data provide baselines for evaluating opportunities for resource optimization, pollution prevention and waste minimization within each production technology surveyed.     

山羊油理化特性及脂肪酸组成

以新鲜山羊的羊板油和肾脏油为原料,熬制得到山羊油,测定其主要的理化特性、脂肪酸组成.结果表明:板油的皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)和折光指数(65 ℃)分别为196.8 mg/g、47.9 g/100 g和1.452 4;肾脏油的皂化值(KOH)、碘值(I)和折光指数(65 ℃)分别为194.7 mg/g、37.8 g/100 g和1.452 0.板油全样脂肪酸中棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸的含量分别为18.09%、20.85%和45.54%;肾脏油全样脂肪酸中棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸的含量分别为17.06%、34.57%和38.28%.板油Sn-2位脂肪酸中油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸的含量分别为64.60%、11.52%和9.84%;肾脏油Sn-2位脂肪酸中油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸的含量分别为55.62%、20.70%和12.65%.山羊油中还含有一定量的C17:0和C16:2.     

Influence of corn silage particle length on the performance of lactating dairy cows fed supplemental tallow

The objective of this study was to determine if the length of chop of processed corn silage influences the impact of supplemental fat on rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. We hypothesized that increasing forage particle length may alleviate the interference of fat on rumen fermentation. Sixteen Holstein cows averaging 120 d in milk were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial with 0 or 2% tallow (dry matter basis), and corn silage harvested at either 19 or 32 mm theoretical length of cut. The forage:concentrate ratio was 50:50, and diets were formulated to contain 18% crude protein and 32% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis). Cows were allowed ad libitum consumption of diets that were fed twice daily as a total mixed ration. Fat supplemented cows had lower dry matter intake and produced less milk fat relative to nonsupplemented cows. No effect of corn silage particle length was observed for dry matter intake and milk fat production. Proportion of trans-10 C18:1 and of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid was highest in milk fat of cows fed 2% supplemental tallow. Rumen pH was not affected by feeding tallow, and tended to be highest for cows eating the 32-mm theoretical length of chop corn silage diets. No effect of treatments was observed for rumen acetate-to-propionate ratio or rumen ammonia concentration. In this study, tallow supplementation had a negative impact on performance of dairy cows regardless of the corn silage particle length. Feeding tallow increased formation of trans-fatty acids in the rumen in the absence of significant changes in the rumen environment.     

Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows

Six multiparous Holstein cows (average 31 days in milk; 36.3 kg/d of milk) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square with 21-d periods to investigate the effects of diets that varied in forage source and amount of supplemental tallow. Isonitrogenous diets in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement were based on either high corn silage (40:10 corn silage to alfalfa silage, % of dry matter) or high alfalfa silage (10:40 corn silage to alfalfa silage, % of dry matter) and contained 0, 2, or 4% tallow. Intakes of dry matter and total fatty acids were lower when cows were fed the high corn silage diet. Tallow supplementation linearly decreased dry matter intake. Milk yield was unaffected by diet; yields of milk fat and 3.5% fat-corrected milk were higher for the high alfalfa silage diet but were unaffected by tallow. Milk fat percentage was higher for the high alfalfa silage and tended to decrease when tallow was added to the high corn silage diet. Contents of trans-C18:1 isomers in milk fat were increased by high corn silage and tallow, and tended to be increased more when tallow was fed in the high corn silage diet. Ruminal pH and acetate:propionate were lower when high corn silage was fed. Ruminal acetate:propionate decreased linearly as tallow increased; the molar proportion of acetate was decreased more when tallow was added to the high corn silage diet. Ruminal liquid dilution rates were higher for the alfalfa silage diet; ruminal volume and solid passage rates were similar among diets. Total tract apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, starch, energy, and total fatty acids were unaffected by diet. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and cellulose were lower when high corn silage was fed. The high alfalfa silage diet increased intakes of metabolizable energy and N, and increased milk energy and productive N. Tallow decreased the amount of N absorbed but had few other effects on utilization of energy or N. Tallow linearly increased concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and cholesterol in plasma; cholesterol was increased by high alfalfa silage. Overall, forage source had more pronounced effects on production and metabolism than did tallow supplementation. Few interactions between forage source and tallow supplementation were detected except that ruminal fermentation and milk fat content were affected more negatively when tallow was fed in the high corn silage diet.     

Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine

In this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NO_x emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.     

Enzymatically Modified Fats Based on Mutton Tallow and Rapeseed Oil Suitable for Fatty Emulsions

The aim of this work was to develop a new fat by enzymatic interesterification of mutton tallow with rapeseed oil. It was assumed that by inducing hydrolysis of fats by addition of water to the enzymatic preparation (8, 10, 15 wt%) natural emulsifiers would be produced in the reaction environment. Fat blends obtained from the enzymatic reactions were evaluated as a fat base for emulsion systems. It was found that the fat resulting from interesterification in the presence of Lipozyme RM IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, Novozymes Bagsvaerd, Denmark) with 15 wt% of water possessed the highest content of polar fraction (MAG and DAG), and served as the most suitable blend for emulsification, producing emulsions that exhibited the highest stability.     

延黄牛脂制备高纯度1,3-甘油二酯工艺

目的:提高延黄牛脂的附加值。方法:采用固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM为催化剂,牛油脂肪酸乙酯(乙醇解法自制)和甘油为原料制备1,3-甘油二酯,运用氢谱考察脂肪酶添加量、底物摩尔比、反应时间以及反应温度对粗反应混合物中1,3-甘油二酯含量的影响,并阐明醇解酯交换前后牛油与甘油二酯产物的脂肪酸组成变化。结果:1,3-甘油二酯合成最佳条件为脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM质量分数为1%,底物摩尔比(n_{脂肪酸乙酯}∶n_甘油)2∶1,反应时间6 h,反应温度50℃。此条件下的1,3-甘油二酯生成率为72.5%,甘油酯得率为77%;纯化后纯度提高至90.79%。与原油(延黄牛脂)相比,甘油二酯产物中亚油酸和油酸含量分别升高了13.65%,6.47%,饱和度降低了7.17%。结论:延黄牛脂制备1,3-甘油二酯不仅能改变甘油酯结构,还可以改变牛脂的脂肪酸组成,降低其饱和度。     

进口牛羊油的碱炼-脱色与直接脱色色泽的比较

对进口牛羊油碱炼-脱色色泽的标准检测方法测试结果与企业采用的直接脱色的色泽测试结果进行了对比。结果表明,进口牛羊油按标准方法经碱炼-脱色可达到较好的色泽,企业仅用活性漂土直接脱色效果较差,特别是对深色样品需4%~5%漂土用量或更多才能得到较好的效果。碱炼-脱色与直接脱色色泽之间没有可比性。