Determination of the content of wax esters in some sea foods and their molecular composition. A comparison with ω-3 enriched wax esters

Wax esters enriched in ω-3 fatty acids have been recently shown to be readily absorbed by rats after dietary supplementation. Wax esters are less prone to oxidation and can be better formulated than liquid ω-3 derivatives. All these characteristics suggest a possible use of wax esters enriched in ω-3 as food supplements. However, some naturally occurring wax esters are defined as scarcely digestible (jojoba oil, spermaceti). On the other hand, wax esters have been found in several sources of marine origin, which can enter normal foodstuff. In order to better understand the digestibility of wax esters, we have analysed some foods from marine sources. The content of triglycerides and wax esters of the foods has been determined. Moreover, wax esters have been analysed for their composition in alcohols and fatty acids. Wax esters have been shown to be a part of the neutral lipid extract of the foods analysed. Their content, if compared with the content in triglycerides, shows striking differences. In the case of two botargo preparations, it has been shown that wax esters are more than 90% of the total neutral lipid extract. The content of fatty acids and alcohols found in the foods analysed is consistent with published data.     

Feeding rats with liposomes or fish oil differently affects their lipid metabolism

Two n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich diets differing in their chemical and physical forms were given to rats during 2 wk. Liposomes [phospholipids (PL) organized in bilayer structures] made from a natural marine lipid extract or a mixture of fats containing fish oil [similar fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerols (TAG)] were used. The influence of n‐3 PUFA dietary sources on plasma parameters, i.e. TAG, cholesterol and PL concentrations, was investigated. A similar hypotriglyceridemic effect of n‐3 PUFA from liposomes or fish oil was observed. In contrast, feeding rats with liposomes led to different PL and cholesterol patterns. In the plasma of rats fed liposomes, total cholesterol amounts were positively correlated with PL levels. Liposome and fish oil feedings caused a marked increase in the amounts of n‐3 PUFA, which occurred mainly at the expense of n‐6 PUFA. However, the enrichment in n‐3 PUFA in the different plasma lipid classes differed substantially when ingested in the form of fish oil or liposomes. These results were interpreted in terms of different lipid bioavailability and metabolic fate during the digestive steps and in the liver, with the dietary source.     

Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Time Domain Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid–Rich Linseed and Fish Oil Emulsions during Thermal Air Oxidation

Linseed contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as α-linolenic acid (> 50% ALA-18:3), that are naturally protected against thermal oxidation by their encapsulation within linseed oil bodies (OB) by multiple components including antioxidant proteins and mucilage emulsifying agents. Linseed OB emulsions (LSE) can be produced by grinding linseed seeds, adding water, adjusting pH, and sonication. This is a process that can encapsulate externally added PUFA to minimize their thermal oxidation, as it does for the intrinsic ALA PUFA. Fish oil (FO) encapsulation into this LSE platform to form linseed fish oil emulsions (LSFE) offers the possibility of a nutritive delivery system of the biologically essential FO PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In this study, ¹H low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) is used to characterize LSE's and LSFE's chemical and structural properties as well as their stability and changes under thermal oxidation (55 °C for 96 hours). ¹H LF-NMR data processing was developed to generate one-dimensional (1D) T₁ (spin–lattice), 1D T₂ (spin–spin), and 2D (T₁ vs. T₂) relaxation time spectra that can characterize OB emulsions and monitor their time domain fingerprints (spectrum peaks) of chemical and structural changes during the oxidation process. The ¹H LF-NMR analysis were further supported and correlated with conventional peroxide value test, self-diffusion, droplet size distribution, zeta potential estimation of surface stability, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acid profile changes under thermal oxidation conditions. The 1D and 2D LF-NMR relaxation spectra showed that the LSE and LSFE did not suffer intense oxidation process, due to PUFA assembly in OB oxidative protection. These results were further confirmed by the supportive analytical methodologies. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of ¹H LF-NMR methodology to monitor PUFA's rich oil and emulsion thermal oxidation.     

苏子油多不饱和脂肪酸尿素富集研究

采用尿素富集法，使苏子油中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量由原来的７６．９％提高到９９．９％，亚麻酸含量由６４．７％提高到９０．９％。从而使脂肪酸的质量有了进一步的提高。     

甲鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸的提取与纯化研究

本文研究了甲鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸的提取与纯化。采用乙酯化法提取甲鱼油中的多不饱和脂肪酸,通过正交实验确定了最佳提取条件:乙醇/甲鱼油比0.73:1,NaOH用量3%(油重),反应温度65℃,反应时间2h;采用尿素包合法纯化多不饱和脂肪酸,考察尿素用量、搅拌时间、包合次数对尿素包合率的影响,通过正交实验确定最佳纯化条件:尿素/乙醇饱和溶液:脂肪酸乙酯=15:1,搅拌时间3h,包合次数1次。实验结果表明,应用乙酯化法与尿素包合法可从甲鱼油中制得高纯度的多不饱和脂肪酸。     

有机溶剂中酶促酯化合成n-3 PUFA甘油酯的研究

利用脂肪酶催化游离型的n-3PUFA与甘油发生酯化反应生成甘油酯,研究了多种因素对酯化程度的影响.研究结果表明：利用脂肪酶Novozym435,在6mL的正己烷中,反应温度40℃,甘油用量2g,n-3PUFA0.4g,初始水分含量0.5%,在反应1h后添加1g分子筛,酶添加量25mg,震荡频率150r/min,在此条件下反应24h酯化度可达90%以上.n-3 PUFA甘油酯中以甘油二酯（56.06%）为主,其次是甘油三酯（31.25%）和甘油一酯（12.07%）,游离脂肪酸（0.39%）的含量比较低.n-3 PUFA甘油酯的脂肪酸组成以DHA（73.36%）和EPA（13.49%）为主,单不饱和脂肪酸的含量仅有1.69%,几乎不合饱和脂肪酸.     

Sources and Bioactive Properties of Conjugated Dietary Fatty Acids

The group of conjugated fatty acids known as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been extensively studied with regard to their bioactive potential in treating some of the most prominent human health malignancies. However, CLA isomers are not the only group of potentially bioactive conjugated fatty acids currently undergoing study. In this regard, isomers of conjugated α‐linolenic acid, conjugated nonadecadienoic acid and conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid, to name but a few, have undergone experimental assessment. These studies have indicated many of these conjugated fatty acid isomers commonly possess anti‐carcinogenic, anti‐adipogenic, anti‐inflammatory and immune modulating properties, a number of which will be discussed in this review. The mechanisms through which these bioactivities are mediated have not yet been fully elucidated. However, existing evidence indicates that these fatty acids may play a role in modulating the expression of several oncogenes, cell cycle regulators, and genes associated with energy metabolism. Despite such bioactive potential, interest in these conjugated fatty acids has remained low relative to the CLA isomers. This may be partly attributed to the relatively recent emergence of these fatty acids as bioactives, but also due to a lack of awareness regarding sources from which they can be produced. In this review, we will also highlight the common sources of these conjugated fatty acids, including plants, algae, microbes and chemosynthesis.     

Analysis of Fatty Acid and Lignan Composition of Indian Germplasm of Sesame to Evaluate Their Nutritional Merits

An attempt was made to individually analyze a germplasm collection of 54 indigenous Indian sesame cultivars for fatty acid and lignan composition of their seed oil by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The entries varied in their fatty acid and lignan composition. The mean percentage contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids ranged between 10–22, 5–10, 38–50, 18–43 and less than 1 whereas sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin scored between 3–37, 27–67, 20–59 of the total percentage of lignan, respectively. The highest percentage of α‐linolenic acid (ALA) was obtained in Var‐9 (1.3 % of the total fatty acids). Among the lignans, high sesamin content is considered to be significant, particularly in terms of long shelf life and nutraceutical value of sesame seed oil. The study has broadened our understanding related to differential biochemical composition of the rich sesame germplasms, thereby providing us with a useful groundwork for identifying potential targets and suitable cultivars for genetic engineering approaches to be undertaken in order to improve the nutritional quality of sesame oil, which in turn would be beneficial towards human health.     

多价不饱和脂肪酸发醇条件的初步研究

研究被孢霉SD－95的摇瓶发酵特性，选出最优培养基配方。摇瓶发酵结果为，菌体得率28．5％，油脂得率12．4％，油脂含量43．6％，碘值122．8。油脂中多价不饱和脂肪酸组成为，亚油酸17．2％，r-亚麻酸7．7％，花生四烯酸0．5％，多价不饱和脂肪酸总量为25．3％；菌丝体经过冬化处理后，其多价不饱和脂肪酸组成为，亚油酸18．6％，r-亚麻酸8．1％，花生四烯酸0．7％，二十碳五烯酸50．4mg／1009油脂，多价不饱和脂肪酸总量27．5％。     

Trans Fat Supplementation Increases UV-Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage on Skin of Mice

We evaluated the influence of fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA), soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans FA) on the oxidative status and viability of skin cells of mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Mice were supplemented with FO, SO or HVF for three months and exposed to UVR (2.72 mJ/cm²) for 2 days. One day after the last UVR session, the FO group showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acids (FA), while the HVF showed higher incorporation of trans FA (TFA) in dorsal skin. UVR increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels of the HVF and to a lesser extent of the control and SO groups. Although all irradiated groups showed increased skin thickness, this increase was slighter in FO mice. UVR exposure reduced skin cell viability of the control, SO and HVF groups, while FO prevented this. Catalase activity was reduced independently of the supplementation and SOD level was increased in C and FO groups after UVR exposure; FO prevented the UVR-induced increase in glutathione levels, which was observed in skin of the control, SO and HVF mice. Our results showed the beneficial effects of FO supplementation, as well as the harmful effects of trans FA, whose intensity can increase vulnerability to skin diseases.