International legislation on trace elements as contaminants in food: a review

Environmental contaminants such as trace elements may be present in all foods. Foods, raw materials and ingredients for food production are to an increasing extent traded across borders. Hence, there is a need for international legislation on trace elements as contaminants in food. In 1961, the FAO and WHO established the Codex Alimentarius to elaborate international food legislation. Contaminants in food are handled by the Codex Committee for Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC). The Codex Alimentarius system for developing legislation concerning trace elements as contaminants in food is based upon the Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food (GSCTF). By October 2001, the principles for setting maximum limits (MLs) for contaminants in food are agreed, and work is in progress on MLs for trace elements such as lead and cadmium in the various food categories. The status for the proposals is presented and discussed. The EU Regulation 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 sets MLs for lead and cadmium in various foods. This regulation will apply from 5 April 2002. The EU regulation is more detailed but similar to the Codex draft standards for lead and cadmium in food. In future, legislators and administrators in the Codex and EU and analytical chemists will discuss how to use more and better analytical data as risk-management tools to protect public health. Trace elements' speciation is an important aspect of this discussion.     

火焰原子吸收法测定高铋物料中的铅

本文介绍了在以高铋物料为基体 ,5 %的HNO3 介质中 ,波长 2 17nm处进行火焰原子吸收法测定铅的试验 ,采用标准加入法进行回收率的试验 ,回收率大于 98% ,特征浓度为 0 .0 7μg/ml,结果令人满意 ,能满足炉前样分析的要求     

Anodic oxidation of mecoprop herbicide at lead dioxide

The electrochemical oxidation of an aqueous solution containing mecoprop (2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid) has been studied at PbO₂ anodes by cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis. The influence of current density, hydrodynamic conditions, temperature and pH on the degradation rate and current efficiency is reported. The results obtained show that the use of PbO₂ leads to total mineralization of mecoprop due to the production of oxidant hydroxyl radical electrogenerated from water discharge. The current efficiency for the electro-oxidation of mecoprop is enhanced by low current density, high recycle flow-rates and high temperature. In contrast, the pH effect was not significant. It has also been observed that mecoprop decay kinetics follows a pseudo-first-order reaction and the rate constant increases with rising current density.     

滚子丝杠副的原理研究

本文对滚子丝杠副的运动原理及啮合原理进行分析 ,并推导了参数计算公式及由啮合原理求出了滚子的空间螺旋面方程     

日用陶瓷铅溶出量与儿童多动症关系的探讨

根据目前日用陶瓷铅溶出量状况和铅中毒儿童多动症的研究结果，论证了日用陶瓷铅溶出量与儿童多动症存在相互关系，介绍了日用陶瓷铅溶出量与铅中毒检测方法，对铅中毒儿童多动症的预防和治疗提出了建议。     

Morphologic study of electrochemically formed lead dioxide

Various electrochemical methods with different conditions were used to prepare lead dioxide (PbO₂). The observation revealed that the morphology of deposited PbO₂ could be controlled by simply changing deposition parameters. Under the condition of oxygen evolution, which dominates the electrode process, uniformly distributed high porous structured PbO₂ was formed. The results indicated that large current density or high potential polarization should be one of the most important and necessary factors for forming high surface area PbO₂ deposit. Only β-PbO₂ was identified by X-ray diffraction measurement for the deposit prepared by present methods and solution. One potential application of this method is to prepare nanoscaled PbO₂ parallel lines.     

Effect of competitive interference on the biosorption of lead(II) by Chlorella vulgaris

Batch experiments were carried out to asses the effect of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on the biosorption of lead(II) ions by non-living Chlorella vulgaris. The uptake of Pb(II) was examined for single, binary and ternary solutions at different initial concentrations and different pH values. The experimental results showed that the uptake increased with increasing pH from 3.0 to an optimum value of 5.0. The biosorption of Pb(II) was found to be adversely affected by the presence of Cu(II) ions, while Zn(II) ions seemed to have negligible effect on the process. The equilibrium data were fitted to four isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Dubinin–Radushkevich; the Sips isotherm gave the best fit for the data. Modeling of the controlling mechanisms indicated that both intrinsic kinetics and mass transfer played major roles in controlling the process. A new dimensionless parameter, Ψ, was defined to asses the relative contributions of the two mechanisms to the biosorption of lead(II). Mass transfer seemed to be the dominant mechanism at low initial lead(II) concentrations, while intrinsic kinetics dominates at high concentrations.     

氯盐溶液中铅置换银的动力学

应用旋转圆盘技术研究了饱和氯化钠溶液中铅置换银的动力学。置换速率明显受到温度、搅拌速率、初始银浓度及溶液ｐＨ值的影响。溶液ｐＨ值由中性降至弱酸性时，有利于置换反应的进行。适当条件下，每平方米铅板上银的沉积量在１．５ｈ内可达到０．２６ｋｇ以上。体系的置换反应机理符合扩散控制机理。动力学数据服从一级反应速率的规律。     

Integrated metallic gauge in a piezoelectric cantilever

In this study, a self-sensitive piezoelectric cantilever with a new design for sensing is presented. Micro-cantilevers were actuated by a 120 nm-thick Lead Zirconate Titanate Oxide (PZT) layer. Detection was done by measuring the resistance of a metallic gauge integrated on the surface of the micro-piezoelectric cantilevers. Some metallic gauges were embedded in a Wheatstone bridge to improve the measured resistance accuracy. Devices with direct resistance measurement were also realized. Gauge resistance responses were compared with an optical measurement by a White Light Interferometer. By biasing the PZT between −5 V and 5 V, cyclic deflection of the cantilever was detected with both optical and metallic gauge resistance systems. The two measurements fit. This self-sensitive piezoelectric cantilever can be used for fatigue test with packaged devices.