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1.
Emergence of a Habitable Planet 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kevin Zahnle Nick Arndt Charles Cockell Alex Halliday Euan Nisbet Franck Selsis Norman H. Sleep 《Space Science Reviews》2007,129(1-3):35-78
We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot
silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere.
It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal
blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal
heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K
CO2 atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO2 was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this
case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate
subduction were inefficient the CO2 would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years.
Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat
flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands
of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics
as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m2. In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to
heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved
>4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable
as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact. 相似文献
2.
Myeong-Gu Park 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2893-2896
I show how general relativistic 3D radiation hydrodynamic equations can be derived from the tensor formulation. Radiation quantities are differentiated with respect to the fixed coordinates while the interaction between matter and radiation is described by the comoving frame quantities. The formulation is covariant, and can be applied to any coordinates or spacetime; I show the derivation for the Schwarzschild spacetime as an example. 相似文献
3.
4.
国外航天侦察相机和测绘相机发展概况 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
航天侦察和测绘是战略武装必不可少的组成部分,航天侦察和测绘相机是对地观测卫星的有效载荷。 该文将简要介绍国外航天侦察和测绘相机发展概况、水平和发展趋势。 相似文献
5.
简要介绍了成像链、成像系统和遥感系统的概念;对像质和像质差异的表征和度量、成像系统性能的表征等予以说明;重点探讨航天光学采样成像系统MTF的优化设计与MTFC问题,并给出讨论结果。 相似文献
6.
FG-47固体发动机是CZ-2C/FP运载系统轨道转移装置,它可以将卫星(如铱星)从椭圆停泊轨道转移到630km圆形运动轨道。该发动机由中国航天工业总公司河西化工机械公司研制,于1997年9月首飞成功,将一个模拟卫星送入轨道。 相似文献
7.
最少燃料消耗的固定推力共面轨道变轨研究 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:10
本文研究了推力固定条件下,从圆轨道进入共面圆轨道一次入轨最节省燃料的推力方向控制策略。这类问题都可归结为两点边值问题,对自由初值的选取作了讨论,并采用打靶法迭代求解。计算了从停泊轨道到同步转移道以及两个过地圆轨道之间的最优转移,获得满意的结果。 相似文献
8.
中巴地球资源卫星与应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
中巴地球资源卫星是以中国为主研制的第一代传输型地球资源卫星。文章简要介绍了它的发展历程 ,全面介绍了星上的有效载荷、采用的先进技术和应用成果 相似文献
9.
为提高卫星ATM(异步传递方式)网络星上缓存资源的利用率,针对利用上层协议重传的非实时数据业务,采用跨层设计方法提出了一种缓存管理优化方案—错误信元尾丢弃(ECTD)。它把信道误码引起的错误信元及后续的属于同一协议数据单元的无效信元丢弃。以早分组丢弃为基础,进一步建立了采用ECTD和不采用ECTD的分析有效吞吐量的数学模型。数值分析结果表明,ECTD具有优化缓存管理、提高有效吞吐量的作用,而且信元错误率和协议数据单元的长度越大,ECTD对有效吞吐量的改善就越明显。 相似文献
10.