碳酸钙和海泡石组配对水稻中Pb和Cd迁移转运的影响

为研究组配改良剂LS(碳酸钙+海泡石)对农田土壤重金属Pb和Cd的固化效果以及水稻各部位吸收累积Pb和Cd的影响,在湘南2个矿区(矿区A和矿区B)附近污染稻田中施用了不同添加量的LS (0、2、4和8 g/kg),并进行了水稻种植的田间实验。结果表明,(1)施用2~8 g/kg的LS能使矿区A和矿区B土壤pH值分别增加1.11~1.95和1.61~2.31个单位,能使矿区A和矿区B土壤中Pb和Cd的TCLP提取态含量分别降低18.6%~62.7%、15.7%~37.1%和38.6%~66.7%、0~76.6%。(2)LS能不同程度地降低水稻各部位重金属含量。矿区A糙米中Pb和Cd含量降低9.4%~35.6%、56.1%~66.8%;矿区B糙米中Pb含量降低14.4%~36.6%,而Cd含量变化不明显。(3)LS对水稻中Pb和Cd在各部位之间的转运系数均有不同程度的影响,其中Pb和Cd从茎叶到谷壳的转运系数最大,说明水稻茎叶对重金属的转运能力最强。(4)LS添加量为8 g/kg时,Pb和Cd从谷壳到糙米的转运系数最小,且糙米中Pb和Cd含量最低。     

涕灭威在植物和土壤中的移动与分布

报道了涕灭威在花生、棉花、柑橘和土壤中的吸收、运转和分布。结果表明，涕灭威及其代谢物在柑橘叶子中的残留４０ｄ达到最高峰（３．４４９ｐｐｍ），可食部位的残留范围为０－０．０８９ｐｐｍ，低于美国ＥＰＡ规定的ＭＲＬ。涕灭威在土壤中降解较快，半衰期约１周。收获时土壤中的检出范围为０－０．１５７ｐｐｍ。涕灭威及其代谢物水溶性很强，且具有渗透和扩散性，因此使用不当可能造成地下水污染。     

老工业城市土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积及风险协同评价

为查明老工业城市土壤-作物系统的重金属环境地球化学特征,测试和分析石嘴山市水稻、小麦和玉米籽实及其根系土重金属含量和形态,利用统计学方法、风险评价编码法(RAC)、生物富集系数法(BCF)、土壤和农产品综合质量影响指数法(IICQ)及ArcGIS空间插值法开展土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积特征剖析及风险协同评价.结果表明,根系土中重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)、ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)均值分别为12.56、 0.19、 63.48、 23.52、 0.038、 28.86、 21.68和69.47mg·kg^-1,与宁夏土壤背景值相比呈一定程度的累积,其中以Cd和Hg累积效应最为显著,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;配套作物中上述8种重金属含量均值分别为0.014 9、 0.011 2、 0.075、 6.7、 0.001 5、 0.67、 0.042 7和20.48mg·kg^-1,与食品中污染物限量相比,作物中As、 Pb和Cr点位超标率分别为4%、 3%和1%,其余元素均未超标;相比水稻和小麦,...     

不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷(As)和镉(Cd)复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果 表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有...     

安徽茶园土壤氟在茶树体内的富集与转运特征

研究了安徽宣城、六安和合肥茶区不同茶园土壤氟含量及在茶树体内的富集与转运特征,探讨了茶树根际和非根际土壤氟的有效性特征及其在茶树体内的累积规律.结果表明,安徽省典型茶园表层土壤全氟含量为：六安黄棕壤（319.7 mg.kg^-1）〉宣城黄红壤（316.6 mg.kg^-1）〉合肥黄褐土（311.3 mg.kg^-1）,...     

Using experimental reintroductions to resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics on patch occupancy in fragmented landscapes

Declines of species in fragmented landscapes can potentially be reversed either by restoring connectivity or restoring local habitat quality. Models fitted to snapshot occupancy data can be used to predict the effectiveness of these actions. However, such inferences can be misleading if the reliability of the habitat and landscape metrics used is unknown. The only way to unambiguously resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics is to conduct experimental reintroductions to unoccupied patches so that habitat quality can be measured directly from data on vital rates. We, therefore, conducted a 15-year study that involved reintroducing a threatened New Zealand bird to unoccupied forest fragments to obtain reliable data on their habitat quality and reassess initial inferences made by modeling occupancy against habitat and landscape metrics. Although reproductive rates were similar among fragments, subtle differences in adult survival rates resulted in λ (finite rate of increase) estimations of <0.9 for 9 of the 12 fragments that were previously unoccupied. This was the case for only 1 of 14 naturally occupied fragments. This variation in λ largely explained the original occupancy pattern, reversing our original conclusion from occupancy modeling that this occupancy pattern was isolation driven and suggesting that it would be detrimental to increase connectivity without improving local habitat quality. These results illustrate that inferences from snapshot occupancy should be treated with caution and subjected to testing through experimental reintroductions in selected model systems.     

Evaluating the success of functional restoration after reintroduction of a lost avian pollinator

Conservation translocation is a common method for species recovery, for which one increasingly frequent objective is restoring lost ecological functions to promote ecosystem recovery. However, few conservation translocation programs explicitly state or monitor function as an objective, limiting the ability to test assumptions, learn from past efforts, and improve management. We evaluated whether translocations of hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a threatened New Zealand passerine, achieved their implicit objective of restoring lost pollination function. Through a pollinator-exclusion experiment, we quantified, with log response ratios (lnR), the effects of birds on fruit set and seed quality in hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium), a native flowering shrub. We isolated the contributions of hihi by making comparisons across sites with and without hihi. Birds improved fruit set more at sites without hihi (lnR = 1.27) than sites with hihi (lnR = 0.50), suggesting other avian pollinators compensated for and even exceeded hihi contributions to fruit set. Although birds improved seed germination only at hihi sites (lnR = 0.22–0.41), plants at sites without hihi had germination rates similar to hihi sites because they produced 26% more filled seeds, regardless of pollination condition. Therefore, although our results showed hihi improved seed quality, they also highlighted the complexity of ecological functions. When an important species is lost, ecosystems may be able to achieve similar function through different means. Our results underscore the importance of stating and monitoring the ecological benefits of conservation translocations when functional restoration is a motivation to ensure these programs are achieving their objectives.     

The immediate costs and long-term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations

With the genetic health of many plant and animal populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing adaptation, interventions, such as assisted gene flow (AGF), may provide genetic variation necessary for populations to adapt to climate change. We ran genetic simulations to mimic different AGF scenarios in large populations and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to determine circumstances in which it is worthwhile to perform AGF. In the absence of inbreeding depression, AGF was beneficial within a few generations only when introduced genotypes had much higher fitness than local individuals and traits affecting fitness were controlled by a few genes of large effect. AGF was harmful over short periods (e.g., first ∼10–20 generations) if there was strong outbreeding depression or introduced deleterious genetic variation. When the adaptive trait was controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of AGF took over 10 generations to realize—potentially too long for most climate-related management scenarios. The genomic integrity of the recipient population typically remained intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population usually constituted no more of the recipient population's genome than the fraction of the population introduced. Significant genomic turnover (e.g., >50% replacement) only occurred when the selective advantage of the adaptive trait and translocation fraction were extremely high. Our results will be useful when adaptive management is used to maintain the genetic health and productivity of large populations under climate change.     

接种孢囊线虫对大豆生长的影响

在温室条件下,研究了不同品种大豆接种大豆孢囊线虫对其根系生长、根瘤及几种矿质元素吸收总量、转移量的影响。结果表明,接种线虫后易感病品种绥农１４根瘤数减少,根瘤活性降低,与不接种处理差异显著;感病品种合丰２５总根长减少２,与不接种处理差异显著。易感病品种绥农１４接种线虫后Ｐ元素的吸收总量降低,与不接种处理差异显著。易感病品种绥农１４接种线虫后Ｐ元素的吸收总量降低,与不接种处理差异显著。感病品种合丰２     

小麦根系菲与磷吸收及转运的相互作用

作物根系对多环芳烃(PAHs)与磷吸收及转运之间的相互作用研究对农产品的安全生产和PAHs污染环境植物修复的强化具有重要意义。为此,本文以菲为PAHs的代表,采用水培试验研究了不同磷、菲水平下小麦根系菲、磷吸收及其转运的效果,旨在揭示植物根系吸收PAHs与磷素的相互作用。结果表明,在0~1 200μmol·L~(-1)磷浓度范围内,小麦根系、茎叶菲含量在低磷浓度(10μmol·L~(-1))时最高,分别为36.87 mg·kg~(-1)和2.07 mg·kg~(-1);磷含量总体呈现随磷处理浓度的升高而增大的趋势;成对数据t-检验显示无论加菲与否,根系、茎叶磷含量无显著性差异(P0.05)。磷可促进菲从根部向地上部转运,而菲对磷转运没有显著性影响。在低磷浓度下(10μmol·L~(-1)),随着菲浓度的升高,小麦根系、茎叶菲含量呈现显著升高趋势(P0.05)。磷、菲共存处理介质pH升高幅度大于单一处理。