Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.     

Morphogenesis of the Procumbent Life Form in Siberian Stone Pine at the Timberline in the Western Sayan Mountains

The morphology and development are described for Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) growing at the timberline in the Western Sayan Mountains. Throughout ontogeny, these plants have a short stem trailing in an approximately horizontal direction. Maximal longevity and viability are characteristic of basal branches, which are able to root and produce vegetative generations. This allows these plants to be classified with the procumbent tree life form, in which the clones of most adaptive genotypes not only survive under extreme environmental conditions, but can also reproduce vegetatively.     

Factors affecting the floristic diversity and nestedness in the islets of Lake Bardawil, North Sinai, Egypt: implications for conservation

Island biogeography theory and nestedness are two relevant and important concepts in biogeography and conservation. However, their integration and application has not been examined for maintaining or maximizing species diversity, especially in arid regions. The aim of this study is to investigate the ecological mechanisms related to the observed pattern of floristic diversity and nestedness in the Lake Bardawil islets on the Mediterranean coast of Sinai Peninsula before the execution of the North Sinai Agricultural Development Project (NSADP) that will threaten the ecosystem of the lake. Plant species on 15 islets were identified and categorized into ecological groups related to their life-form, salt tolerance and succulence. Richness of total plant species and their ecological groups were positively correlated with islet area, number of habitats and elevation, and negatively with disturbance index. The temperature calculator detected highly significant nestedness for the entire flora and all ecological groups. Distance from the mainland had no effect on either species richness or nested pattern of total plant species and their ecological groups. Both the analyses of species richness and nested distribution yielded evidence for a positive species-area relationship. Although nestedness was detected for the entire plant species and their ecological groups, many species and islets exhibited idiosyncratic distribution. Idiosyncrasies could be mainly attributed to demographic stochasticity which is an important character for species interaction and diversity maintenance in arid regions. Therefore, in developing conservation strategies for the Lake Bardawil islets, it is important to incorporate spatial and temporal stability of populations.     

规模化养殖场鸡粪营养物质和污染元素的组成特点

营养物质和有害元素的状况直接影响畜禽粪的利用价值.从浙江省代表性规模化养殖场收集19个鸡粪样,分析其营养物质、污染元素含量及P、Cu、Zn的化学形态.结果表明,鸡粪中含有较为丰富的粗蛋白和矿物质,但同时也含有较高量的Cu、Zn及可溶性盐分.鸡粪中P、Cu和Zn主要以可提取态存在,有较高的生物有效性和移动性.鸡粪中微量元素和重金属含量明显高于饲料,并受饲料中相应元素含量的影响;鸡粪与饲料之间的Ca、Mg、P、K、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb和Zn含量显著相关,饲料质量是影响鸡粪重金属元素含量的主要因素.     

施用钢渣对水稻土硅素肥力的影响

施用钢渣种植水稻的盆栽试验结果表明,与对照相比,施用钢渣使土壤pH升高,土壤水溶态硅和无定形硅的含量下降,活性硅及有效硅含量上升,水稻植株含硅量增加.除水溶态硅外,上述影响均随钢渣用量增加或粒度变细而增强.     

青藏高原北缘P波波形线性度的动态跟踪及其变化的物理机制初探

利用数字化近震Ｐ波波形资料，追踪研究了青藏高原北缘１９９０年２月～１９９５年８月Ｐ波波形时间线性度的变化过程。发现该区较大地震发生前线性度有一定程度的下降现象。分析认为：大震前孕震区应力场的不均匀分布可使通过孕震区及其周缘的地震波产生频散，可能是较大地震前波形时间线性度下降的物理本质     

镧改性膨润土对长荡湖底泥磷的释放机制

在监测常州长荡湖水样和沉积物磷形态与含量的基础上,开展了在温度、pH、溶氧度等不同环境因子背景下镧改性膨润土对底泥磷释放的抑制效果研究。通过对比监测上覆水体磷的浓度、底泥磷的形态变化,考察了镧改性膨润土对水体磷的钝化效果以及底泥磷的固定作用。结果表明,镧改性膨润土可以很好地抑制底泥释磷,抑制底泥的释放率达到了55%—75%。温度和溶氧度的变化对镧改性膨润土的抑磷率无影响,而强酸碱(pH=4、pH=10)环境相较与中性环境（pH=7）抑磷效率减少15%;沉积物中Ex-P和Fe/Al-P等活性态磷含量下降了55%—60%,而Ca-P等稳定态磷含量上升1—1.1倍,说明镧改性膨润土可以改变沉积物磷的形态,由不稳定态转化为稳定态,提高了底泥对磷的滞留能力,降低了对上覆水释放的风险。利用镧改性膨润土控制长荡湖水体磷污染具有较好的应用前景。     

上海市土壤氟含量风险管控限值探讨

受工业活动影响,上海市典型工业区表层土壤氟中位值普遍高于\"七五\"背景值.针对工业企业场地土壤氟化物高值现象,目前仍缺乏相关的管理标准体系,且基于总量的评估分析方法已无法满足日益增长的精细化管理需求.详细梳理了国内外氟化物相关标准体系,并对上海市土壤氟限值进行了探讨.基于上海市典型工业场地特征参数计算得到的土壤氟化物筛选...     

覆盖不同材料对湖泊沉积物磷释放影响机制

为探讨覆盖不同材料对湖泊沉积物磷释放控制机制,通过室内模拟试验,研究了覆盖Fe2O3、Al2O3、MnO2等3种氧化物及湖沙、蛭石对洱海沉积物磷释放特征、沉积物磷形态、金属形态及环境因子的影响.结果表明：（1）覆盖不同材料均抑制了沉积物磷释放,Fe组、Mn组、Al组、湖沙组和蛭石组沉积物中TP的Qmax分别减少了40.36%、32.07%、26.25%、11.62%和-7.83%.（2）覆盖材料主要是降低了沉积物中NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P的含量,其中覆盖金属氧化物降幅均高于湖沙和蛭石,覆盖Fe氧化物降低幅度最大,覆盖Mn氧化物对NaOH-P降幅较高.（3）覆盖材料通过影响Fe、Al、Mn及TOC在各磷形态中含量,进而控制磷的释放,其中Fe组沉积物BD-Fe和HCl-Fe含量分别增加了23.81%、110.76%,Mn组沉积物NH4Cl-Mn增加110.76%,各组沉积物中NaOH-Al均向HCl-Al转化,且使沉积物TOC含量降低,进而增大沉积物w（TTOC/TP）、w（TFe/TP）、w（TMn/TP）、w（TAl/TP）比值,促进活性磷向惰性磷的转化.（4）覆盖材料通过影响沉积物pH和Eh值,进而影响金属离子形态,控制磷的释放.总体来看,覆盖金属氧化物控磷效果高于非金属无机材料,金属氧化物不仅具有吸附磷等物理作用,而且具有金属离子与磷结合转化磷形态含量的化学作用,进而控制沉积物磷释放,其中Fe氧化物控制效果最高.