室内空气和灰尘中全(多)氟烷基化合物的研究进展

全(多)氟烷基化合物(per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在环境各个介质及人体样品中广泛被检出,近年,在室内空气和灰尘中也普遍发现PFASs.研究表明,室内空气中PFASs的含量普遍高于室外空气,室内空气和灰尘中的PFASs可能是室外空气的污染来源及人体暴露源,因此室内环境中PFASs成为环境领域的又一个研究热点.但目前为止,我国还没有开展室内空气中PFASs的相关研究,室内灰尘中PFASs的研究也相对较少.本文就室内空气和灰尘中PFASs的采样与分析方法、污染现状、来源分析及人体暴露等4个方面进行了综合阐述,以期为我国室内环境中PFASs的研究提供参考.     

高炉瓦斯泥的回收与利用

通过对济钢高炉瓦斯泥进行分离回收与综合利用的系统试验研究,作者推荐采用浮—重联合流程分离回收其中的炭和铁。试验获得如下指标:炭精矿品位80％,回收率50％;铁精矿品位60％,回收率45％;次铁精矿品位45％,回收率11.5％。经济和社会效益明显。     

引燃点火减轻焦炉烟尘污染

土法炼焦，对大气环境污染严重。采用引燃点火无回收焦炉，操作简单，材料省，出焦优质，大大减轻了对大气的污染。本文对引燃点火无回收焦炉的结构及有关问题作了较为详细的叙述。     

我国烟草加工系统粉尘爆炸危险性分析

介绍了烟草粉尘爆炸特性，对我国烟草加工系统粉尘爆炸危险性作了分析。     

Discriminate Analysis for Dust Storm Prediction in the Gobi and Steppe Regions in Mongolia

A discriminate analysis method for probability forecast of dust storms in Mongolia has been developed. The prediction method uses data recorded at 23 meteorological stations in the Gobi and steppe regions of Mongolia, including surface air pressure and geo-potential height at the 500-hPa level on grid points, and weather maps from 1975 to 1990. Weather elements such as air temperature, pressure, geo-potential height etc, which influence the formation of dust storms, are prepared as predictors. To select the most informative/important predictors (variables), we used a mean correlation matrix of variables together with the Mahalonobis distance, and correlation coefficients between dust storms and predictors with an orthogonalization for removing correlated predictors. The most informative predictors for dust storm prediction are intensities of surface cyclones and migratory anticyclones, passage of cold fronts, the horizontal gradients of the surface air pressure in the cold frontal zone, cyclonic circulations from the ground surface up to the 500-hPa level, the geo-potential height at 500-hPa level and its temporal changes. Selected predictors are used in discriminate analysis for formulating dust storm prediction equations. Sandstorm data have been classified into three classes, viz., strong, moderate and weak dust storms, depending on their intensities, durations and areas covered. Predictions of the probabilities of dust storm occurrence use the prediction equations for each class. The prediction is made from 12 hours to 36 hours. Verification of the probability forecasts of dust storms is also shown. The accuracy of forecasts is 72.2–79.9% with the data used for developing equations (dependent variables), in contrast to 67.1–72.0% with unrelated data for deriving equations (independent variables).     

Analysis of Roadside Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM10) in Major Korean Cities

A data analysis of three major Korean cities was conducted to assess roadside inhalable particulate matter 10 μm or smaller in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀), including temporal and meteorological variations, over a recent period of 4 to 6 years. The yearly roadside PM₁₀ concentrations presented a well-defined increasing trend or no trend depending on the roadside monitoring station. Most mean values exceeded or approximated the Korean standard of 70 μg/m³ per year for PM₁₀. A representative roadside diurnal trend was characterized by a distinct morning maximum. In most cases, the Sunday roadside concentrations were similar to or somewhat lower than the weekday concentrations, and the PM₁₀ concentrations presented a well-defined seasonal variation, with the maximum concentration in March. The monthly maximum concentrations observed in March were most likely attributable to Asian dust storms. In two metropolitan cities (Seoul and Busan), the frequency of days with roadside PM₁₀ concentrations exceeding the standard of 150μg/m³ per 24 h was much lower for the roadside monitoring stations than for the residential monitoring station, whereas in the third city (Daegu), this result was reversed. Interestingly, the average maximum concentrations observed for the roadside sites in Seoul and Busan during March were higher than those for the residential sites, suggesting that the roadside concentrations responded more to the dust storms than the residential areas. The relationship between the pollutant concentrations and five important meteorological parameters (solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation) showed that the number and type of meteorological variables included in the equations varied according to the monitoring station or season. Finally, the current results confirmed that attention should be given to the PM₁₀ exposure of residents living near roadways.     

Long range trans-Pacific transport and deposition of Asian dust aerosols

The deposition of Asian dust aerosols during their trails-Pacific Uansport might cause significant marine phytoplankton biomass increases.However,the knowledge of the trans-Pacific dust transport,deposition,and spatial distribution is still poor due to a lack of continuous and simultaneous observations in the Asian subcontinent,the north Pacific Ocean,and North America.The severe Asian dust storm during 6 to 9 April 2001 provided an opportunity to gain a better understanding of trans-Pacific dust transport and deposition,using a comprehensive set of observations from satellites,ground-based light detection and ranging,aircraft,and surface observation networks.The observations and model simulations outline the general pattern of dust transport,deposition,vertical profile,and spatial distribution.The following points were observed(1)the surface dust concentrations decreased exponentially with the increasing dust transport distance from 80°E to 120°W along the transport pathway;(2)the altitude of the dust concentration peak increased with increasing transport distance in the north Pacific region;and (3) the spatial distribution of dust deposition mainly depended on the trans-Pacific transport route.     

石家庄市土壤扬尘排放量估算及分布特征

以2013年为基准年,通过卫星遥感影像解译方法估算了石家庄市土壤扬尘源颗粒物排放量,并给出分辨率为3 km×3 km空间分布图。结果表明,石家庄市土壤扬尘源主要包括河滩、荒地、裸岩和耕地4种类型。冬季土壤扬尘源面积为3 918.19 km2,夏季土壤扬尘源面积为1 115.98 km2,仅为冬季的28.6%。对于总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）和细颗粒物（PM2.5）,石家庄市4种土壤扬尘源类型的排放系数均为荒地 > 河滩 >裸岩 > 耕地。2013年石家庄市土壤扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5的排放量分别为12 569、3 771和947 t,与其他季节相比,春季裸地扬尘排放量最大,分别占总排放量的93.9%、93.9%和94.3%。土壤扬尘高排放区主要分布在石家庄市北部的行唐县、灵寿县和平山县区域,3个区域合计占石家庄市土壤扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5总排放量的47.5%、47.5%和48.1%。研究结果将为石家庄市颗粒物污染控制方法的建立提供必要的基础数据。     

硫酸铵作为人工气溶胶模拟尘源的研究

硫酸盐、铵盐等水溶性无机盐粒子是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,为进一步提高高效过滤器性能测试实验的精度,提出了过滤器测试标准要求外的新的人工尘气溶胶发生液（NH4）2SO4,并通过一系列实验,从相关性、粒谱分布、分散度等方面对其气溶胶粒子能否满足测试气溶胶的要求进行验证分析。实验结果表明,（NH4）2SO4和KCl间的相关系数R2为0.994 78,相关性很好;NaCl、KCl和（NH4）2SO4气溶胶的几何标准差分别为0.88、0.85和0.87,呈单分散且分散程度接近,可很好的满足测试气溶胶要求。还获得了可控参数喷气压力与发生溶液质量浓度对（NH4）2SO4气溶胶粒谱分布的影响规律：随喷气压力的增加,气溶胶粒子的粒径减小,分布集中;而随发生溶液质量浓度的增加,粒径增大,导致分散度增加。质量浓度和喷气压力对（NH4）2SO4和KCl气溶胶粒径和分散度作用规律的一致性进一步表明（NH4）2SO4作为测试气溶胶的可行性。     

乙酸铵浸出高炉瓦斯灰中的锌

采用NH3-CH3COONH4-H2O体系进行了高炉瓦斯灰提锌工艺研究。结果表明：控制浸出温度45 °C,总氨浓度5 mol·L-1,液固比5:1,[NH3]/[NH4]+摩尔比1:1,搅拌速度300 r·min-1,浸出时间60 min,锌浸出率达77.79%。FT-IR及ESI-MS分析显示羧酸阴离子能结合Zn离子形成复杂的羧酸盐配合物,添加CH3COONH4能促进锌的溶出,XRD、SEM-EDS表征分析显示浸出渣中残留ZnFe2O4是导致锌浸出率低的限制性因素。