Comparison of Soil Extraction Isotherms of Soil Samples Saturated With Nonpolar Liquids

In multiphase systems capillary pressures play a significant role on fluid movement and retention. The facility to predict the effect of different thermal remediation strategies requires the knowledge of the effect of temperature on capillary pressure-saturation relationships in the soils. The objective of recent study was (a) to develop a technique for routinely measuring the pressure-saturation curves of soil samples saturated with a nonpolar liquid at different regulated temperatures (b) to build a database using the measured pressure-saturation curves and the physical, chemical properties of the model soils (c) to establish the dependence of nonaqueous phase liquid retention on the soil properties and the temperature. The retention curves (extraction isotherms) with nonaqueous phase liquid were determined using a modified pressure plate extractor. The wetting phase was a non-aromatic hydrocarbon distillation product. Pressure plates were designed and constructed in the laboratory of our department. The temperature was held constant at 20, 40 and 60 ^∘C. Statistical analysis was performed involving selected soil parameters and the measured nonaqueous phase liquid retention data. The results show that knowing some easily measurable soil parameters (bulk density, particle size distribution, humus and lime content) we can estimate the nonaqueous phase liquid retention of the soils. The measured “extraction isotherms” provide essential information about the temperature-dependency of pressure-saturation curves.     

玉米对城市排污河萘污染沉积物的修复

为有效去除城市排污河沉积物中的多环芳烃类污染物,选择玉米作为供试植物,种植于排污河底泥与营养土以1∶1、1∶2、1∶3的质量比混匀的土壤中。通过90 d的盆栽试验,研究了玉米对土壤中萘的去除效果,以及植物和微生物去除土壤中萘的交互效应。结果表明,种植玉米后土壤中萘的降解率显著升高,在底泥与营养土配比为1∶1、1∶2和1∶3土壤中,种植玉米90 d后萘的降解率分别达89.7%、90.3%和86.7%,明显高于空白对照组,且底泥与营养土配比为1∶2的土壤中萘去除率最高。不同处理后土壤中的微生物数量并无明显差异。在萘的去除过程中,植物吸收作用比较明显,种植90 d后玉米植株体内的萘也基本降解。植物根际土壤中脲酶活性测定结果显示,萘浓度越低,脲酶活性越高,脲酶活性变化在一定程度上可以反映萘的污染状况。研究表明,种植玉米可以强化土壤修复萘污染的作用。     

FT-ICR mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of water-insoluble organic compounds in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters

Water-insoluble organic compounds（WIOCs） are an important fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matters(PM_2.5), which could affect the climate system and threaten human health potentially. In this study, molecular characterization of WIOCs in PM_2.5 were investigated by 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FT-ICR MS） with atmospheric pressure photoionization（APPI） source in positive ion mode. A total of 2573 and1875 molecular formulas were iden...     

热水洗辅助微生物修复高含油落地油泥

为解决油田落地油泥含油率高但不能直接进行生物无害化处置的问题,探索一种热水洗辅助微生物修复工艺。利用热水洗实验考察了清洗配方和水温对降低含油率的影响;从落地油泥中分离出石油烃降解菌,以用于含油残砂的微生物降解过程,同时探究填料和烃降解微生物对残砂中石油烃降解效果的影响。结果表明,鼠李糖脂清洗剂在总用量为0.5%、水洗时间30 min和50 ℃条件下,可将油泥含油率由107.1 mg·g⁻¹降至为39.3 mg·g⁻¹;水洗后残砂中的土著菌群数量出现了明显下降。分离获得了2株烃降解菌,并优选出具有增加油泥溶氧和保水的沼渣。将烃降解微生物和优选沼渣加入残砂后,石油烃生物降解效率得到显著提升,200 d后含油率降为4.62 mg·g⁻¹。在此过程中,微生物优先降解分子量小的饱和烃和芳香烃组分,对胶质和沥青质等组分降解程度偏低。该研究结果可为油田高含油落地油泥的环保处置提供参考。     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

微生物降解石油烃污染物的研究进展

对石油烃污染物的生物处理技术进行了较全面的介绍,总结了国内外在该领域的研究成果.重点介绍了石油烃降解微生物种类、石油烃降解酶、环境影响因素以及微生物降解石油烃技术的应用等方面的研究进展.分析了现有研究中存在的不足,并对今后的研究趋势作了预测和展望.     

The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by Haloarchaea and their use for the reduction of the chemical oxygen demand of hypersaline petroleum produced water

Ten halophilic Archaea (Haloarchaea) strains able to degrade aromatic compounds were isolated from five hypersaline locations; salt marshes in the Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia, crystallizer ponds in Chile and Cabo Rojo (Puerto Rico), and sabkhas (salt flats) in the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia) and the Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan). Phylogenetic identification of the isolates was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The isolated Haloarchaea strains were able to grow on a mixture of benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid (1.5 mM each) and a mixture of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene (0.3 mM each). Evaluation of the extent of degradation of the mixed aromatic hydrocarbons demonstrated that the isolates could degrade these compounds in hypersaline media containing 20% NaCl. The strains were shown to reduce the COD of hypersaline crude oil reservoir produced waters significantly beyond that achieved using standard hydrogen peroxide treatment alone.     

生物法处理含油钻井废水的影响因素研究

以含油钻井废水原浆为处理对象,研究了生物法处理过程中的相关影响因素.实验结果表明,氮、磷源是影响钻井废水中石油烃降解的重要因素,最佳氮、磷源及其加入量分别为(NH4)2SO4100 mg/L和KH2PO460 mg/L.在30～36℃,接种量15%,pH=6～8条件下处理72 h后可使钻井废水中的石油烃含量由805.6 mg/L下降到17.6 mg/L.     

直接法测定大气中的非甲烷烃

介绍了在２个监测点，用直接法测定大气中的非甲烷烃。测定方法的检出限可达０．００６５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，在线性范围０－１０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３时，线性相关系数为０．９９９５，相对标准焦虑差为２．８％。结果表明，由于大气逆温层、工业排放源、汽车排气对非甲烷烃的浓度变化产生影响，其日变化曲线呈双峰形。