Photochemical reduction of molecular weight and number of double bonds in natural rubber film

Natural rubber (NR) can be degraded depending on various factors such as heat, mechanical force, chemical reaction, and light. Light is a very interesting factor because it can cause the NR to degrade under low temperature and pressure. The photo-degradation of NR films was carried out to investigate the effects of the light and the temperature on the reduction of the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and the double bonds in the NR films. The NR films, with and without catalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), were exposed to light from a mercury light bulb at 7,000 and 36,000 lux, and at the temperature of 25 °C and 80 °C for 192 hrs. After exposure, the Mw of the NR films was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Changes in the Mw were used to construct a kinetic model for the process, (1/Mw)=(1/Mw₀)+(kt/2M₀) where k is the rate constant, and M₀ is the Mw of the monomer unit. The linear relationship between 1/Mw and time suggested pseudo first-order processes with random scission. The Mw distribution information from the GPC was used to calculate the number of double bonds in the NR films. The trend of the double bonds reduction curves was quite similar to the result obtained from the calculation from the FTIR spectra. This indicated that this calculation method might possibly be another alternative way to obtain the number of double bonds in the NR.     

红外加热胶接技术

提出了红外加热胶接的思想，并对红外加热胶接技术作了简单阐述。介绍了一种红外加热胶接矿用阻燃、防腐、橡塑风筒布的装置。     

住宅建筑结构中隔震技术的应用和经济评价

对当前隔震系统做了简单介绍 ,介绍了基础隔震的技术和施工方法等。讨论在住宅结构中推广隔震技术的方法 ,对各种类型的住宅结构做经济评价 ,讨论推广的可能性和难点。     

A unified framework of opening and closure operators with respect to arbitrary fuzzy relations

 This paper is devoted to a general concept of openness and closedness with respect to arbitrary fuzzy relations – along with appropriate opening and closure operators. It is shown that the proposed framework unifies existing concepts, in particular, the one for fuzzy preorderings as well as the triangular norm-based approach to fuzzy mathematical morphology. The author acknowledges support of the K _plus Competence Center Program which is funded by the Austrian Government, the Province of Upper Austria, and the Chamber of Commerce of Upper Austria.     

一起氧气瓶燃割事故分析

20 0 2年 5月 30日晚 7:5 5 ,徐州市工程集团某机械厂下料车间 ,氧气汇流排中一只即将开启使用的氧气瓶发生燃烧击穿事故 ,造成一死一伤的严重后果。事故发生的第二天笔者被特邀赶到现场 ,会同调查组对事故的性质、原因进行分析鉴定 ,并通过了原因分析鉴定结论。为防止此类事故的再次发生 ,引起充装或使用单位的足够重视 ,从中吸取教训 ,把事故消灭在萌芽状态 ,减少不必要的损失 ,现将这起氧气瓶燃割事故介绍如下。1　钢瓶及汇流排的原始情况钢瓶为河北涿鹿高压气瓶制造厂生产 ,气瓶原始数据如下 :气瓶编号 0 85 15 ,水压试验TP2 2 5 ,工…     

ADHESION OF ELASTOMERS: DWELL TIME EFFECTS

The strength of adhesion of elastomers to rigid substrates generally increases with time of contact. This effect has been studied for samples of butyl and chlorobutyl rubber adhering to some rigid substrates. The peel strength increased continuously over long periods of contact until in some cases failure became cohesive within the elastomer layer. At higher temperatures the strength increased more rapidly, consistent with the WLF relation governing molecular motions. It is postulated that slow molecular rearrangements occur at the interface and increase the bond strength. A criterion for the observed transition from interfacial to cohesive failure is suggested.     

Catalytic characteristics of various rubber-reinforcing carbon blacks in decomposition of methane for hydrogen production

Carbon black has recently been reported to act as an effective catalyst for methane decomposition and to exhibit stable catalytic behavior despite carbon deposition, and thus it can be used for CO₂-free production of hydrogen from natural gas. In this work, various carbon blacks with different primary particle size were investigated with respect to methane decomposition under atmospheric pressure from 1123 to 1223 K. Catalytic characteristics, such as activity, activation energy and reaction order, were investigated and compared. It was observed that with decreasing primary particle size (or increasing specific surface area), the specific activity increased and the activation energy decreased. The reaction orders for various pelletized, rubber-reinforcing carbon blacks were 0.6–0.7, about the same regardless of the primary particle size, while they were near 1 for fluffy carbon blacks. Fluffy carbon black showed higher activity and activation energy than the pelletized carbon black of the same primary particle size. Changes of the surface morphology during carbon deposition were observed by TEM. Variations of the number of active sites were discussed in regard of the primary particle size, carbon deposition and binder. The presence of different types of active sites was also suggested.     

原料及配方对单组分聚氨酯胶粘剂性能的影响

以不同性质的聚醚多元醇（210，220，330，3050）、TD1－80等为主要原料，分别采用一步法和预聚物法合成单组分聚氨酯胶粘剂，并用该胶粘结橡胶粉压制成铺垫材料。研究了不同多元醇、各多元醇的不同配比、合成工艺及不同异氰酸酯指数等因素对橡胶粉粘接料（以下简称粘接料）的影响。结果表明：以220和3050的1：1混合物，TDI为主要原料，用预聚物法合成的游离NCO含量为5％的单组分聚氨酯，其拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、耐水性、耐热性等均能满足橡胶粉粘结料的性能要求。     

PVC和白炭黑对NBR／PVC共混体耐磨和耐疲劳性的作用

研究了ＰＶＣ和白炭和黑对热力学不相容的ＮＢＲ／ＰＶＣ并有耐磨和耐疲劳性的影响，并探讨了其相应机理，借助扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察了并用体系的屈挠疲劳断面，发现随ＰＶＣ用量增加和白炭黑用量减少，疲劳断面由原来的粗糙孔洞（Ｃｏａｒｓｅ－ｈｏｌｅ）裂纹型变成了波浪河流（Ｗａｖｅ－ｒｉｖｅｒ）型，并用体系优异的耐磨和耐疲劳性是由其相容性和界面过渡层结构等决定的。     

"胶乳法"氯化天然橡胶薄层干燥影响因素的研究

采用二次回归正交设计方法,对“胶乳法“氯化天然橡胶(CNR)进行薄层干燥试验.分析了热风温度、风速和物料的粒径等因素对干燥速率、干燥后物料性能的影响规律,确定了影响物料薄层干燥速率各因素的主次,提出了较佳的干燥工艺和合理的性能参数.