Large eddy simulation and proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of turbulent flows in a direct injection spark ignition engine: Cyclic variation and effect of valve lift

Large eddy simulation(LES)is used to calculate the in-cylinder turbulent flow field in a direct injection spark ignition(DISI)engine.The computations are carried out for three different maximum valve lifts(MVL)and throughout 100 consecutive engine cycles.The simulated results as well as corresponding particle image velocimetry(PIV)measurement database are analyzed by the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)method.Through a new developed POD quadruple decomposition the instantaneous in-cylinder flow fields are decomposed into four parts,named mean field,coherent field,transition field and turbulent field,respectively.Then the in-cylinder turbulent flow characteristics and cycle-to-cycle variations(CCV)are studied separately upon the four part flow fields.Results indicate that each part exhibits its specific characteristics and has close connection with others.The mean part contains more than 50%of the total kinetic energy and the energy cascade phenomenon occurs among the four part fields;the coherent field part possesses the highest CCV level which dominates CCV of the bulk flow.In addition,it is observed that a change in MVL affects significantly the in-cylinder flow behavior including CCV,especially for the coherent part.Furthermore,the POD analysis demonstrates that at least 25 sample cycles for the mean velocity and 50 sample cycles for the RMS velocity are necessary for obtaining converged and correct results in CCV.     

外源NO和ABA对杨树气孔运动和SOD及POD活性的影响

研究了外源NO和脱落酸(ABA)对杨树气孔运动和SOD、POD活性的影响。结果表明：NO和ABA均可诱导杨树叶片气孔关闭，且NO有加强ABA诱导气孔关闭的作用。NO清除剂(C—PTIO)能显抑制NO和ABA对气孔关闭的诱导效应。不同浓度硝普钠(SNP)和ABA处理杨树离体叶片，SOD活性变化不明显，POD活性受到显抑制。粗酶液的体外实验结果表明，不同浓度SNP对POD活性的抑制呈明显的浓度及时间效应；而ABA对POD活性则几乎没有影响。说明在ABA调控气孔运动的过程中需要NO的参与，由此推测ABA对杨树叶片气孔运动的调节与NO对POD的抑制有关。     

Inactivation of Oxidative Enzymes by High-Intensity Pulsed Electric Field for Retention of Color in Carrot Juice

The effects of high-intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) on oxidative enzymes and color of fresh carrot juice were studied. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of pulse polarity (mono or bipolar mode), pulse width (from 1 to 7 μs), and pulse frequency (from 50 to 250 Hz) on color and peroxidase (POD) inactivation of carrot juice treated by HIPEF. The total treatment time and the electric field strength were set at 1,000 μs and 35 kV/cm, respectively, at a temperature below 35°C. The physicochemical characteristics of carrot juice were measured. There was a linear relationship between electrical conductivity and temperature of the carrot juice. The results showed that HIPEF-treated carrot juice at 35 kV/cm for 1,000 μs applying 6 μs pulse width at 200 Hz in bipolar mode led to 73.0% inactivation of POD. The color coordinates did not change significantly. Therefore, HIPEF was effective in POD inactivation and carrot juice color preservation.     

香椿冷藏期间酚类物质及相关酶活性的变化

新鲜香椿挑选整理后于0℃下贮藏。贮藏期间定期测定香椿中总酚(TP)和游离酚(FP)的含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。结果表明香椿总酚中以结合酚为主,只有约1/3左右是FP;贮藏的3～6dTP含量稍有增加,以后保持稳定,后期有下降且速度较快;结合酚(BP)的变化趋势与TP相似;而FP含量贮藏前期有一定增加,后期基本保持稳定。PPO和POD的活性贮藏期间均缓慢增加,在贮期结束时大幅度上升。     

生姜速冻前热烫工艺的实验研究

对速冻籽姜冻结前的热烫工艺进行了研究,分析了漂烫温度、时间对原料过氧化物酶活性、Vc含量及感官品质带来的影响,确定了漂烫工艺的最佳参数。     

Performance Evaluation of Power Oscillation Damping Controller—Firefly Algorithm Based Parameter Tuning

This paper presents the performance evaluation of power oscillation damping controller based on firefly algorithm (FA) parameter tuning. The power system stabilizer (PSS), unified power flow controller (UPFC), and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) are tuned with FA by minimizing integral time multiplied by absolute error (ITAE) as an objective function. An integrated multi-stage linear quadratic regulator – power oscillation damping UPFC/SSSC has been proposed with precise tuning of control parameters which results in overall states' oscillation damping as compared to other classical methods. It has been observed that the proposed control structure damps the oscillations adequately and is modular in design methodology. The sample power system comprising six areas has been considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the concept. The software has been developed based on the proposed work by the authors and the MATLAB code has been generated in R2009b version. The states' inter-relation which has been shown with eigenvalues reflects a better regulation and the step response is also validated.     

烟草感染马铃薯Y病毒脉坏死株系后六种酶活性变化的研究

本文定期测定了感病品种NC89接种PVYN后叶片内6种酶活性的动态变化,结果表明,接种后14天内SOD活性均较对照增高,其中第8天达高峰值,但接种后第16天SOD活性低于对照约28%;AAO活性在接种后2~6天明显高于对照,6~12天,AAO活性变化不定,但12天后,AAO活性又升高;POD活性在接种后2~4天比对照降低,4天后显著升高,至接种后第14天达高峰值,接种后16天又有下降趋势;CAT活性仅在接种后第2天比对照略有升高,随后均低于对照,其中第6天和第10天CAT活性降低幅度较大;PAL活性在接种后2~6天均比对照高,随后开始下降,第8~10天PAL活性低于对照,10天后又升高,第12天又达高峰值;PPO活性在接种后2~16天明显高于对照。本文还详细讨论了上述6种酶与烟草脉坏死病病程的相关性。      

脱水黄花菜加工过程中的预处理工艺研究

以黄花菜的主栽品种鲜猛子花为材料,在测定过氧化物 酶及多酚氧化酶活力的基础上,通过对热水、蒸汽及微波 灭酶等灭酶方法的研究,确定了蒸汽漂烫70～80s的最佳 灭酶工艺条件;同时,以护色剂种类、护色剂浓度、浸泡时 间为影响因素,进行了三因素三水平试验,得到了将原料 浸泡在0.5％的柠檬酸溶液中45min的最佳护色工艺。      

减阻水溶液槽道湍流特性POD分析

为进一步分析减阻水溶液湍流减阻机理,对质量分数为30×10-6十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)水溶液槽道湍流减阻流动进行了实验研究,并基于本征正交分解方法研究减阻水溶液流动中减阻剂对流动结构的影响．结果表明:CTAC水溶液流动在不同雷诺数(15×10⁴、25×10⁴和35×10⁴)下分别具有651％、700％和330％减阻效果;基于本征正交分解方法分析湍流脉动速度场,发现CTAC添加剂能够抑制湍流猝发过程中的低速流体的上喷及高速流体的下扫,即在一定程度上抑制了相干结构的发生及其发展过程,最终导致湍流减阻．