Three dimensional simulation of fluid flow in X‐ray CT images of porous media

A numerical scheme is developed in order to simulate fluid flow in three dimensional (3‐D) microstructures. The governing equations for steady incompressible flow are solved using the semi‐implicit method for pressure‐linked equations (SIMPLE) finite difference scheme within a non‐staggered grid system that represents the 3‐D microstructure. This system allows solving the governing equations using only one computational cell. The numerical scheme is verified through simulating fluid flow in idealized 3‐D microstructures with known closed form solutions for permeability. The numerical factors affecting the solution in terms of convergence and accuracy are also discussed. These factors include the resolution of the analysed microstructure and the truncation criterion. Fluid flow in 2‐D X‐ray computed tomography (CT) images of real porous media microstructure is also simulated using this numerical model. These real microstructures include field cores of asphalt mixes, laboratory linear kneading compactor (LKC) specimens, and laboratory Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) specimens. The numerical results for the permeability of the real microstructures are compared with the results from closed form solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江苏岸外辐射沙脊群东沙稳定性研究

东沙是江苏岸外辐射沙脊群中的第二大沙洲,具有独特的地形地貌和水动力条件,对它进行稳定性研究为揭示整个辐射沙洲及其邻近岸滩的动态演变都非常有益。通过利用多年遥感卫片资料、1998年取得的现场水文泥沙观测资料和东沙滩面表层沉积物资料等,对东沙的地形地貌特征、沉积特征和东沙两侧潮汐通道的水流泥沙特征等进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,东沙的沙脊偏于西侧,西侧滩面较窄、高程较高且岸线较为顺直,东侧滩面较宽、高程较低且岸线较为破碎;西洋和陈家坞槽均处于冲刷状态,净输沙的主要方向为输向槽外或输向条子泥;东沙近三十年来面积有所缩小且有外围向中央收缩的趋势,尤其以向东、向南方向的迁移最为明显。     

环形构造及其地震预报意义

根据遥感图象的解译结果，介绍了环形构造的基本特征及其对中强地震的控震作用，指出了环形构造的地震构造模式和环形构造对分析地震构造环境和地震预报具有一定的意义。     

Mapping hydrothermal alteration in the Comstock mining district,Nevada, using simulated satellite‐borne hyperspectral data

Hydrothermal alteration mapping with spaceborne hyperspectral data was simulated in the Comstock mining district, Nevada in order to evaluate the mineral mapping capabilities of the proposed Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES‐1). As a result, a suite of hydrothermal alteration minerals, including kaolinite, dickite, illite, chlorite, alunite and carbonate was identified from the simulated data in the 0.4–2.5 μm wavelength region and their areal abundance variations mapped accordingly. The recognised alteration zoning shows a major change in alteration assemblages across the Comstock and Silver City Faults, and a gradual variation from north to south along the faults. In the bleached Miocene volcanic rocks, dickite, kaolinite, illite and alunite were recognised. Coexistence of dickite of relatively high temperature, high‐crystallinity kaolinite of medium temperature and low‐crystallinity kaolinite of low temperature suggests supergene processes overprinting earlier hypogene alteration. The bleached rocks probably represent hydrothermal alteration in the fluid up‐flow zones in the central and shallower parts of the hydrothermal system. Illite in the bleached zones is characterised by relatively short AI–OH band wavelengths (2190–2200 nm), indicating no or very low Fe and/or Mg contents. Fault‐controlled propylitic alteration is mapped in the central part of the district mainly in the footwall of the Comstock Fault. The associated illite is characterised mainly by medium AI–OH band wavelengths (2200–2208 nm). This propylitic alteration may be contemporaneous with Au–Ag mineralisation. Additional and more extensive propylitic zones, containing illite with long AI–OH band wavelengths (2204–2216 nm), were mapped in the southern part of the district. These zones resulted from either a pre‐mineralisation propylitic alteration, or the peripheral hydrothermal alteration in the fluid down‐flow zones of the Miocene hydrothermal system.     

汶川地震灾后农田和森林植被恢复遥感监测

2008年汶川8.0级特大地震对当地的生态系统造成了极大的破坏,为了评估5年来灾区农田和森林植被的恢复情况,利用逐年机载高分辨率遥感影像,结合星载遥感数据和地面调查数据,开展了灾区农林植被恢复状况监测。在农田恢复监测方面,结合2008年地震发生后以及2013年5月中旬的机载高分辨率遥感数据,采用目视解译的方式对汶川地震中受损农田的恢复状况进行监测与评估,同时利用GVG(GPS、Video和GIS)农情采样系统的作物种植成数调查结果,分析了灾后作物种植结构的变化。结果表明,灾区1592 ha受损农田,5年后仅有约17.5%得到了恢复和耕种使用。就耕地利用强度而言,重灾区耕地利用率较高,作物种植结构没有发生重大变化。在森林恢复状况监测方面,对典型区(岷江干旱河谷区和盆周山地区的3个重点区域)采用目视解译方式识别出森林变化,并结合大区域尺度规一化植被指数(NDVI)时间序列变化分析,对整个灾区的森林损毁和恢复情况做出评价。监测结果显示,汶川县、什邡市和绵竹市的森林植被恢复情况总体较好,但是一些坡度较大的损毁区、次生灾害频发区的森林尚未恢复,大区域尺度的统计结果显示,地震重灾区的46381 ha重度损毁森林植被和177025 ha中度损毁森林植被区域,完全恢复的区域占13.52%和25.84%,部分恢复的区域都占到50%。在自然恢复较为困难的区域,如汶川县中部和东北部、都江堰市北部、彭州市北部、什邡市北部、绵竹市北部、安县北部及北川县南部等,需要加强人工干预。遥感监测方法既适用于震后的农田和森林恢复状况动态监测,也适用于其他自然灾害发生时对灾区农田和森林植被破坏状况进行应急监测,具有实际应用价值和良好的发展前景。     

基于Web的713C天气雷达图即时共享系统

在713C天气雷达实时扫描资料定时存盘的基础上,713C天气雷达图即时共享系统利用.NET框架下新的图形接口技术GD I ,实现图形文件的格式转换和传输;在ASP.NET环境下,利用VB.NET开发语言,实现基于W eb服务器的雷达图像共享。     

基于码字匹配和引力筛选的半监督协同训练算法

针对传统的Co-training和Tri-training协同训练算法中基分类器独立性低、迭代过程中误差累积和整体泛化性能低的问题,将多视图理论、编码理论和万有引力公式引入协同训练分类算法中,提出了改进算法,算法有效地防止了迭代过程中的误差累积,同时提高了分类系统的泛化性能。在高光谱图像分类实验中,随机地从数据集中抽取5%、10%和20%样本作为已标记训练集时,码字匹配的协同训练分类算法对比Co-training和Tri-training算法,在分类精度上平均分别提高了12.38%和6.13%,在Kappa系数上平均分别提高了0.2和0.07。进一步加入引力筛选机制,对比Co-training和Tri-training算法,在分类精度上平均分别提高了21.30%和10.99%,在Kappa系数上平均分别提高了0.26和0.13,结果表明了本文算法的有效性。     

Landsat时序变化检测综述

时序变化检测已成为当前Landsat数据主流的变化检测方法。本文从检测算法对比、时序数据构建和精度评价等方面对Landsat时序变化检测进行回顾和评述,进而提出Landsat时序变化检测当前所存在的问题,及其所面临的挑战。Landsat时序变化检测算法可大致归纳为轨迹拟合法、光谱-时间轨迹法、基于模型的方法3大类,这些算法大多基于森林扰动提出;变化检测常用指标有波段型、植被指数型、线性变换型、组合型4大类,每类指标的优势不同,可综合多类指标以更全面地检测不同扰动类型。尽管Landsat时序变化检测已取得长足发展,但仍然面临诸多挑战,其中最大挑战是缺少一致性的参考数据集进行变化检测精度评价。     

基于遥感和GIS的哈尔滨城区热岛效应研究

本文利用遥感和GIS技术对LandsatETM 热红外遥感数据进行处理,反演市区的地面亮温,并进行正规化处理和等级划分,研究城市热岛的时空变化规律和温度场的空间分布规律,揭示城市热岛效应空间格局。通过对哈尔滨市区热岛效应分析,可以确定城区内热岛效应的分布及监测城市化进程,为城市热环境质量评价和热源调查提供准确、丰富的信息。     

玉米叶面积指数的CHRIS/PROBA数据反演分析

叶面积指数(LAI)是衡量植被生态状况和估算作物产量的一个重要指标。LAI的反演是定量遥感研究的重要内容。传统的经验统计反演方法基于单一观测角度的遥感数据进行,忽略了地物反射率的方向性。若在反演中加入多观测角度的信息,则有可能提升LAI反演的精度。以2008年甘肃省张掖市玉米实验区为研究区,利用欧空局的CHRIS/PROBA多角度高光谱数据对比分析了传统植被指数NDVI、RVI、EVI的变化规律及其反演玉米叶面积指数LAI的精度,并根据NDVI随观测角度的变化规律,构造出新型多角度归一化植被指数MNDVI,分别对实测叶面积指数进行线性回归并利用实测数据对估算LAI进行精度验证,结果表明：新型MNDVI指数相比于传统NDVI、RVI、EVI对LAI的反演精度有了显著提升,估算模型决定系数R²达到0.716,精度验证均方根误差为0.127,平均减小了33.3%。