Optimization of grid-drilling using computer simulation

A computer simulation method has been developed to find efficient drilling grids for mineral deposits. A well-known ore deposit is used as a model to develop an efficient pattern for undiscovered ore bodies in the same area or in other prospects where similar geometry is suspected. The model for this study is the Austinville, Virginia deposit, a Mississippi Valley-type deposit composed of 17 ore bodies totaling 34 million short tons (30 million metric tons). The method employs a computer program that simulates drilling the model deposit with different patterns, including various levels of follow-up drilling. Follow-up holes are drilled in fences at one half the original spacing around holes in the grid that show ore-grade mineralization. Each pattern is drilled 100 times from random starting locations to provide a range of outcomes of drilling, including the best, worst, and most likely. For this study, patterns of 100 drill holes were composed of 10 fences spaced 1000–5000 feet (305–1524 m) apart, each with 10 holes spaced 200–1000 feet (61–305 m) apart. In all, 25 grids were used with zero to three levels of follow-up drilling. The 600/2000 grid, with drill holes spaced 600 feet (183 m) apart in fences spaced 2000 feet (610 m) apart, was compared with the 200/5000 grid because they represented contrasting outcomes. The 600/2000 grid penetrated many ore bodies consistently but with few multiple hits to individual ore bodies; whereas the 200/5000 grid inconsistently penetrated few ore bodies with many multiple hits. The 600/2000 grid was more efficient than the 200/5000 grid at hitting large ore bodies of 1,000,000 short tons or greater (900,000 metric tons or greater) and was made more effective by adding one cycle of follow-up drilling. The 600/2000 grid had a 97% chance of hitting one or more large ore bodies with at least one drill hole per ore body, and the 200/5000 grid had a 64% chance. Once hit, there was an 82% chance that the largest ore body would be penetrated by three or more holes when using the 600/2000 grid and an 88% chance using the 200/5000 grid.     

沿煤层顶板钻进煤层气U型井二次贯通技术探讨

U型井在煤层气资源开发中逐渐得到应用,但沿煤层顶板钻进的U型连通井在国内尚属首例。该在进行二次贯通时,由于套管下深距洞穴太远而形成过长水泥塞、固井候凝时间过长而水泥强度太大的原因造成了第一次二次贯通失败。针对这种情况,现场采取在洞穴直井处三级扩孔方法,最终实现了二次贯通,对在扩孔时技术措施进行了较为全面的介绍,并对以后施工提出了相应预防措施。     

Study on drilling mechanism and optimization of percussion-extruding DTH hammer bit

The authors tested the percussion-extruding Down-the-hole （DTH）hammer bit with five different structures and mainly analyzed the drilling mechanism between conical bit and stepped bit. In addition, aiming at ＂the pile effect＂ in combination with the advantage＇ of stepped bit, we design a new cam spinning bit and test it outdoors. The result shows that using cam spinning bit can solve the problem of ＂the pile effect＂, which can also obtain higher drilling efficiency than using conical bit in high confining pressure strata. It is characterized by novel structure and high drilling speed as well as good guiding, and it is significant for improving efficiency in percussion-extruding drilling technique.     

山东栖霞笏山——西陡崖金矿地质特征及资源潜力分析

栖霞笏山-西陡崖金矿位于蓬莱-栖霞金成矿带南侧,是产于新太古代变质基底与中生代燕山期花岗岩接触带附近的破碎蚀变岩型金矿。本次研究在矿区外围开展了详细的野外地质调查,并对该矿床进行了详细研究,在Ⅰ号主矿体深部施工DKZK03钻孔,控制金矿体4层,累计真厚度6.85m。其中,Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2号金矿体埋深分别为1273.80～1275.45m、1072.95～1076.55m,Ⅰ-1号金矿体为该区目前最深金矿体。采用趋势外推法对区内深部金矿体进行定位预测,为今后在栖霞地区金矿深部找矿勘查提供了依据,该地区金矿深部具有较大的找矿潜力。     

粤东河源盆地的深部构造、沉积序列与盆地演化

粤东河源盆地是东南沿海规模较大的晚中生代—新生代陆相盆地之一,发育有较为完整的晚白垩世—新近纪地层.研究该盆地的深部构造、控盆断裂、沉积序列和盆地的形成发展,对于认识东南沿海晚中生代—新近纪的大地构造演化有重要意义.通过对野外地质调查、地球物理反射剖面和约两千米的地质科学钻探等数据资料的综合研究,查明了河源盆地为中生代—新生代沉积断陷盆地,地层结构清晰,沉积基底为早古生代地层,并建立了该盆地晚白垩世—新近纪的三阶段沉积序列;该盆地发育渐新世的火山岩,揭示了控盆边界断裂及内部构造发育特征,暗示了原型盆地的破坏发生于晚新生代:即盆地南北两侧紫金—博罗逆冲断层和河源断裂带在晚古近纪—新近纪强烈地改造了原型盆地;基于以上认识,初步恢复了河源盆地的形成演化历史,构建了河源盆地沉积序列-构造演化模式.     

基于多层次探测研究茅山断裂带北延段空间展布特征及第四纪活动性

本文介绍了从深至浅完成对茅山断裂北延立体式综合探测方法。使用重力场资料解译和大地电磁勘探初步定位断裂,随后通过浅层地震勘探进行精确定位,最后根据跨断点的小间距钻孔联合地质剖面探测法捕获了上断点并研判其第四纪活动性。研究发现：①茅山断裂带继续向北延伸入镇江市区,茅山断裂带北延段切割深度至少延伸至中地壳区域;②茅山断裂带北延段浅部区域表现出正断性质,倾向东,走向北东,视倾角约为60°,视断距约为3～5 m;③钻孔联合地质剖面探测结果显示,断点两侧基岩面落差较小,上覆第四纪地层未发现较大的起伏,未见第四纪有明显活动迹象,综合判断茅山断裂带北延段为前第四纪断裂。本项研究初步表明,茅山断裂在地理空间上可能与江苏陆域历史上两次显著的地震事件存在联系。这一发现为进一步研究该地区的发震构造特征和地震活动规律提供了新的视角,并可能对今后的相关研究有所启发。     

松软煤层瓦斯钻孔失稳分析及动态密封技术

自驱修孔钻头是修复失效长钻孔的有效技术手段,为进一步提高修孔速度和瓦斯抽采效果,本文基于射流反冲理论,分析了射流反冲力与喷嘴参数的关系,构建了自驱修孔钻头旋转力学理论模型。采用LS-DYNA开展不同结构钻齿破煤过程,分析了不同钻进压力和扭矩作用下钻齿对煤体破坏形式和钻齿破煤体积变化规律,并开展了破煤实验验证数值模拟结果。形成了自驱修孔钻头参数确定方法,设计了自驱修孔钻头,并在郑煤集团超化煤矿22煤柱面底抽巷进行了工程实验。研究结果表明：(1)喷嘴张角α和偏心角β是决定钻进压力和扭矩分配的关键参数,通过调控张角和偏心角可实现钻进压力和扭矩的最优匹配。(2)相同钻进参数条件下,钻齿结构对破煤体积影响较大,阶梯钻齿破煤效果最优。在钻进压力为120 N、扭矩0.6 N·m时,阶梯型钻齿结构的修孔钻头能够实现钻进压力和扭矩最优匹配。(3)确定了最优修孔钻头结构参数为：钻头外径28 mm;后置喷嘴张角20°,偏心角90°;前置喷嘴张角90°,偏心角0°。(4)工程应用结果表明：瓦斯抽采纯量提高了1.96倍,瓦斯抽采体积分数提高了3.98倍,修孔速度提高了1.2倍。通过改进钻头动力参数及优化钻齿结构,设计的自驱修孔钻头在工程实践中达到了提高修孔速度和瓦斯抽采效果的目的。

     

Microcrack networks in granite affected by a fault zone: Visualization by confocal laser scanning microscopy

Microcracks in the Cretaceous Ryoke-type granite in Japan were investigated by using deep drilling core samples collected in the Mizunami Underground Research Project of the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC). The granite body suffered brittle deformation associated with Tertiary thrust movement. Based on core-scale and microscopic deformation features, the drill core from a depth of 300 to 700 m is divided into four domains, i.e. (A) undeformed granite, (B) granite intruded by cataclastic seams, (C) fractured granite in the fault damage zone, and (D) foliated cataclasite at the fault center. To characterize microcrack geometries in each domain, we employed the impregnation method using a low-viscous acrylic resin doped with fluorescent agents and captured the microcrack images by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The CLSM image in the fault damage zone revealed anisotropic development of microcrack networks related to the fault movement. Both CLSM observation and porosity measurements reveal a drastic increase of micro-pores in the foliated cataclasite, possibly caused by fragmentation, and granulation and crack sealing in the fault zone.