LAS格式解析及其扩展域的应用

激光雷达是近年来兴起的一种快速获取地物目标三维信息的主动遥感技术。其采集的离散激光点具有数据量大,信息丰富等特点。目前常用的LIDAR数据存储格式,在存储LIDAR数据时存在种种不足,且数据交换和共享困难。LAS格式是ASPRS制定的标准LIDAR数据交换格式,能较好地解决多属性离散激光点数据的存储问题,具有结构严谨,便于扩展等优点。本文在对LAS格式进行解析的基础上,针对LAS变长记录的扩展域,介绍了一些实际的应用。     

Heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the Second Songhua River

The Second Songhua River was subjected to a large amount of untreated effluent from petrochemical industries in Jilin City in the 1960s to the 1970s. The objectives of this study were to investigate the mercury and other heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the river. The river bottom sediment was sampled from the river segment between Jilin City to Haerbin City in 2005. Total concentrations of Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Sc, and major cations （A1, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na） in the sediment were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometer, ICP-MS, and ICP-OES, respectively, following digestion with various acids. We found the concentrations of most elements in the uncontaminated sediment were significantly correlated to those of Sc.     

The acid neutralizing capacity （ANC） of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems

Acidification is considered the most important one of the primary chemical stress factors that impact on freshwater ecosystems. In unpolluted freshwater systems, the primary controls on the degree of acidification are factors such as the geological substrate of the catchment area, the presence of organic acids secreted by vegetation in the river system, and equilibrium exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. Anthropogenic factors that can impact on the degree of acidification of freshwater systems include agricultural, mining and industrial activities, either through direct runoff into river systems or through deposition of atmospheric pollutants from these sources. The capacity factors alkalinity and acidity, which represent the acid- and base-neutralizing capacity （ANC and BCN） of an aqueous system, have been used as more reliable measures of the acidic character of freshwater systems than pH. Unlike pH, ANC and BNC are not affected by parameters such as temperature and pressure. Therefore, ANC has been employed as a predictor of biological status in critical load assessments. Freshwater systems with ANC＇s eq/L isμeq/L are considered sensitive to acidification, ANC=0 μbelow 150 commonly used as the predictor for fish species such as trout in lakes, and an eq/L as more realistic for streams. Acid-neutralizing capacity μANC value of 40 （ANC） can be determined by titration with a strong acid to a preselected equivalence point. Alternatively, it can be calculated as the difference between base cations （[BC]） and strong acid anions （[SAA]）： ANC=[BC]- [SAA]=[Ca^2＋]＋[Mg^2＋]＋[Na^＋]＋[K^＋]-[SO4^2-]-[NO3^-]-[Cl^-] To date, there has been no attempt to establish the ANC of South Africa＇s freshwater ecosystems or variability therein, despite the fact that long-term water quality monitoring data exist for all the parameters needed to calculate it according to the above equations. As a result, the relationship between the acid neutralizing capacity of freshwater ecosystems in South Africa and biodiversity factors, such as fish status, is unknown. Results of the first comprehensive （country-wide scale） evaluation of the acid neutralizing capacity of river systems in South Africa will be presented. Long-term monitoring data obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry （DWAF） from most of South Africa＇s river systems were used to establish geographic and temporal variabilities in ANC. The results show that the Berg and Breede River systems are most susceptible to acidification, and that geological substrate appears to explain most of the geographic variabilities observed.     

我国湿地面积亚洲第一

近期完成的全国首次湿地资源调查显示，我国现有湿地面积3848万hm^2，居亚洲第一位，世界第四位。     

近震源破裂过程反演研究——I.方法和数字试验

利用非线性规划研究的最新成果,设计了一种全新的震源破裂过程的反演方法,同时反演震源破裂的时间图像和滑动在破裂面上的分布.该方法与目前震源过程破裂反演计算所用的两类主要方法(线性矩阵方法和全局搜索寻优方法)相比,在线性矩阵方法对初始模型依赖大、解不稳定和全局搜索寻优方法在高维解空间寻优效率不高、易出现伪解等方面有较显著改善.数字试验的测试表明,本方法计算效率高,反演结果稳定、可靠,可有效应用于实际地震震源过程的反演研究中.     

利用PRA方法研究小区域长时间土地利用变化--以科尔沁沙地尧勒甸子村为例

土地利用变化研究涉及多个时空尺度,目前正由全球性研究不断转向针对性的区域性研究.典型区域的小尺度研究是其研究的一个重要方面.参与性农村评估(PRA)是一种通过与研究地区居民进行非正式访谈来对地方的实际情况有所了解的方法.本文借助参与性农村评估方法结合实地测量,以科尔沁沙地东南部尧勒甸子村为例对小尺度区域的土地利用变化进行初步研究.绘制了一系列尧勒甸子村建国以来各个时代的土地利用图,重建和恢复了该地50 a来的土地利用过程,并运用GIS对其土地利用变化进行了研究.     

单线河流的绘制算法

本文在分析平行线，台阶式平行线的绘制方法的基础上，讨论了用基于角平分线渐粗（细）绘制单线河流的方法，从理论上解决了用台阶式平行线拟合渐粗（细）线绘制单线河流的问题。     

动态分级法在蛤蟆河流域水石流分区与评价中的应用

本文在简述水石流影响因素的基础上，利用动态分级法，选取固体碎屑物储量，支沟纵坡比降，形成区坡度，植被覆盖率作为评价因子，对蛤蟆河流域３４条水石流支沟进行了活跃度分区与评价。