A Study of DMS Oxidation in the Tropics: Comparison of Christmas Island Field Observations of DMS, SO2, and DMSO with Model Simulations

This study reports comparisonsbetween model simulations, based on current sulfurmechanisms, with the DMS, SO₂ and DMSOobservational data reported by Bandy et al.(1996) in their 1994 Christmas Island field study. For both DMS and SO₂, the model results werefound to be in excellent agreement with theobservations when the observations were filtered so asto establish a common meteorological environment. Thisfiltered DMS and SO₂ data encompassedapproximately half of the total sampled days. Basedon these composite profiles, it was shown thatoxidation of DMS via OH was the dominant pathway withno more than 5 to 15% proceeding through Cl atoms andless than 3% through NO₃. This analysis wasbased on an estimated DMS sea-to-air flux of 3.4 ×10⁹ molecs cm^-2 s^-1. The dominant sourceof BL SO₂ was oxidation of DMS, the overallconversion efficiency being evaluated at 0.65 ± 0.15. The major loss of SO₂ was deposition to theocean's surface and scavenging by aerosol. Theresulting combined first order k value was estimated at 1.6 × 10^-5 s^-1. In contrast to the DMSand SO₂ simulations, the model under-predictedthe observed DMSO levels by nearly a factor of 50. Although DMSO instrument measurement problems can notbe totally ruled out, the possibility of DMSO sourcesother than gas phase oxidation of DMS must beseriously considered and should be explored in futurestudies.     

滞后补给权函数：降雨补给潜水滞后性处理方法

本文分析了当前数值模型中处理降雨入渗补给潜水方法中存在的问题,提出一种能刻画滞后补给且使用方便的方法－滞后补给权函数法。     

贵阳近百年气候变化及干湿演变

近百年来,全球变暖背景下,降水、气温在全球各区域发生了明显变化。贵州喀斯特地貌对气候干湿变化敏感,研究区域内代表性台站百年气候干湿演变,有利于预测未来气候和应对气候风险。研究基于贵阳近百年温度、降水量相较于早期(1921～1950)气候平均值、标准差的距平和相对距平,揭示了贵阳近百年气候与早期气候相比的干湿演变过程。结果表明,1921～2023年,贵阳气温升温趋势显著,降水量呈不显著减少趋势。气候暖干化明显,偏暖、偏干气候分别为64年、62年,其中暖干42年,暖湿22年,冷湿19年,冷干20年。贵阳气候经历了冷湿(1921～1936年)到暖湿(1937～1953年),冷湿冷干并存,冷干占优(1954～1986年)到暖干居多(1987～2011年),2012年后,气候向暖湿化发展。103年间,气温出现显著偏差年份占比达到五分之一,偏高年份接近三分之一,偏低11年,出现异常偏暖6年,异常偏冷1年。降水量没有异常偏差年份,1936年等共6年,降水量偏少,降水量偏多仅有1954年。秋冬季气候偏干、偏暖明显,秋季特别突出,偏暖74年,偏干70年,夏季是贵阳气候最为稳定的季节,气温、降水变化趋势均不显著。未来,贵阳必须在夏季做好储水工作,应对秋冬季极端干暖化气候。     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.     

圆钢管混凝土压弯构件荷载一位移滞回性能分析

在空钢管中填充混凝土可以避免或延缓钢管过早地发生局部屈曲,并有效地提高构件的延性,从而增强构件的抗震性能,本文在对圆钢管混凝土构件弯矩－曲率关系分析的基础上,分析了圆钢管混凝土压弯构件P－△滞回关系曲线,理论计算结果得到国内外大量结果的验证,基于理论分析模型,分析了各参,如构件轴压比,长细比,截面含钢率和材料强度等因素对圆钢管混凝土压变变构件P－△滞回关系曲线的影响,最后,确定了圆钢管混凝土压弯构件P－△恢复力学模型和延性系数的简化计算方法。     

基于“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的河流水质变异与等级特征值分析方法

时空特征分析对全面掌握水质变异规律具有重要意义,但现有的水质时空特征分析方法仍存在水质变异次序不分、水质变幅极值不清、水质评价特征值不明等不足。为更加清晰地探析水质时空特征信息,以秦淮河为研究对象,参考工程水文学经验频率法,建立“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线用于探索流域内高/低活动区不同时间段和丰/枯水期不同河段水质变异特征,并与传统的箱线图法进行对比。结果表明:与箱线图相比,“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线可量化关键水质评判点与特征值信息,使水质时空变异过程更为清晰。在时间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为线性曲线,水质浓度一般不会发生突变;在空间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为指数曲线,水质浓度有较大可能发生突增。各时间段高活动区氮磷浓度大于低活动区,各水体断面丰水期氮磷浓度低于枯水期。该方法分析过程简单方便,结果直观有序,能将水质信息以统计规律自动反映出来,在水质采样点、采样时间和采样频率典型时可作为优选方法用于河流水质时空特征研究。     

南京市日最高气温对支气管和心血管类疾病就诊人数的影响

融合应用分布滞后非线性模型(Distributed Lag Mon-linear Model,DLNM)与广义相加模型(Generalized Additive Model,GAM),在控制新冠疫情影响、节假日效应、星期效应、长期趋势以及大气污染因子等因素基础上,探究了2018—2020年南京市日最高气温与当地支气管类、心血管类疾病就诊人数的暴露反应关系,包括滞后效应和累积效应。结果表明:对于支气管类疾病,冬季为高风险期,低温的即时效应和累积效应显著;中短期累积作用下,气温越低危险性越大;长期累积作用下,10 ℃左右的危险性最大;高温累积效应不显著,30 ℃左右滞后效应显著。对于心血管类疾病,低温的即时效应和累积效应显著,11~12 ℃左右影响的累积效应和持续性最强;高温的滞后效应显著,温度越高,滞后效应越明显;长期暴露于高温环境的患病风险会快速增加,日最高气温32 ℃左右的暴露累积风险最大。针对这两类疾病,当日最高气温在22~24 ℃范围内,属于人体最舒适温度。     

Stormflow concentration–discharge dynamics of suspended sediment and dissolved phosphorus in an agricultural watershed

Concentration–discharge (C-Q) relationships are an effective tool for identifying watershed biogeochemical source and transport dynamics over short and long timescales. We examined stormflow C-Q, hysteresis, and flushing patterns of total suspended sediment (TSS) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in two stream reaches of a severely impaired agricultural watershed in northeastern Wisconsin, USA. The upper watershed reach—draining a relatively flat, row crop-dominated contributing area—showed predominantly anti-clockwise TSS hysteresis during storms, suggesting that particulate materials were mobilized more from distal upland sources than near- and in-channel areas. In contrast, the incised lower watershed reach produced strong TSS flushing responses on the rising limb of storm hydrographs and clockwise hysteresis, signalling rapid mobilization of near- and in-channel materials with increasing event flows. C-Q relationships for SRP showed complex patterns in both the upper and lower reaches, demonstrating largely non-linear chemodynamic C-Q behaviour during events. As with TSS, anti-clockwise SRP hysteresis in the upper reach suggested a delay in the hydrologic connectivity between SRP sources and the stream, with highly variable SRP concentrations during some events. A broad range of clockwise, anti-clockwise, and complex SRP hysteresis patterns occurred in the lower watershed, possibly influenced by in-channel legacy P stores and connection to tile drainage networks in the lower watershed area. Total suspended sediment and SRP responses were also strongly related to precipitation event characteristics including antecedent precipitation, recovery period, and precipitation intensity, highlighting the complexity of stormflow sediment and phosphorus responses in this severely impaired agricultural stream.     

基于BP神经网络的昆明天顶湿延迟模型

为了满足昆明市卫星定位综合服务系统(KMCORS)对高精度天顶湿延迟(ZWD)的需要,本文开发了适用于昆明地区的ZWD模型KM。KM模型是根据昆明探空站2015-2018年的探空资料,基于误差反向传播(BP)神经网络建立的,同时采用2019年的探空数据,验证了KM模型的预测性能。测试结果表明,与广泛使用的SA模型相比,KM模型的RMSE由4.0 cm降至2.2 cm,精度提升了45%;KM和SA模型的Bias分别为0和-3.1 cm。该结果表明KM模型对ZWD估计具有无偏性,而SA模型在高原区存在过度估计的问题,KM模型具有比SA经验模型更优的预测性能,其应用将有助于提升KMCORS的服务质量。     

石生苔藓能指示长三角大气氮湿沉降量及其来源吗?

简单有效地估算大气氮沉降量及其来源至关重要.本研究同时收集长三角市区,郊区,农村的雨水和附近的石生细叶小羽藓,分析苔藓氮含量与氮湿沉降量以及苔藓和雨水的氮同位素(δ15N).结果 显示:苔藓氮含量与氮湿沉降量显著相关,均呈市区＞郊区＞农村趋势.苔藓δ15N表明郊区和农村大气氮湿沉降主要来自农业和人畜废水释放,而市区还受...