人工触发闪电电流测量及特征性分析

通过对１９９３年７月２７日的人工触发闪电电流、跨步电压的直接测量结果的分析发现,在正电场下触发的慢型放电过程由连续电流和双极性的电流脉冲过程组成,其放电特性与雷暴的电特性有关。闪电电流最大值为１．２ｋＡ,持续时间为２５ｍｓ,中和电荷量为８．９Ｃ。跨步电压与电流的测量结果相一致,是一种间接测量电流的方法。     

ELF propagation parameters for uniform models of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide

Uniform models for the Earth–ionosphere cavity are considered with particular attention to the physical properties of the ionosphere for the extremely low frequency (ELF) range. Two consistent features have long been recognized for the range: the presence of two distinct altitude layers of maximum energy dissipation within the lower ionosphere, and a “knee”-like change in the vertical conductivity profile representing a transition in dominance from ion-dominated to electron-dominated conductivity. A simplified two-exponential version of the Greifinger and Greifinger (1978) technique widely used in ELF work identifies two slopes in the conductivity profile and, providing accurate results in the ELF communication band (45–75 Hz), simulates too flat a frequency dependence of the quality factor within the Schumann resonance frequency range (5–40 Hz). The problem is traced to the upward migration, with frequency increasing, of the lower dissipation layer through the “knee” region resulting in a pronounced decrease of the effective scale height for conductivity. To overcome this shortcoming of the two-exponential approximation and still retain valuable model analyticity, a more general approach (but still based on the Greifinger and Greifinger formalism) is presented in the form of a “knee” model whose predictions for the modal frequencies, the wave phase velocities and the quality factors reasonably represent observations in the Schumann resonance frequency range.     

Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges.A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.     

基于干涉仪原理的甚高频雷电单站预警

针对目前闪电单站探测与预警装置的局限性,设计了一套基于闪电宽带干涉仪原理的甚高频单站雷电预警装置.该装置通过测量雷电(包括云闪与地闪)起始时刻的辐射信号到达竖直天线阵列的相位差,计算得到该信号的仰角,根据仰角估算雷电的距离,进而根据雷电的距离和活动特征进行雷电报警.单站测距误差分析结果表明,单站系统对半径50 km范围内闪电测距误差在25％以内,半径100 km范围内的闪电测距误差在30％以内.雷电单站预警装置对一次雷暴过程进行了观测,观测结果表明,该装置能有效探测半径100 km范围内的闪电活动状况,探测到的闪电频次分布、闪电距离与多站闪电定位结果保持较好一致性,证明其能有效探测周围闪电活动状况,起到提前预警雷暴的作用.     

雷电临近预警产品评估方法及其软件

为了适应雷电业务发展的需求,对已经投入业务运行试验的雷电临近预警系统的预警效果做出客观评估,中国气象科学研究院雷电物理和防护工程实验室开展了雷电临近预警产品评估方法的研究,并开发了配套的应用软件.评估方法通过雷电预警结果和实际监测结果的对比,得到命中率POD、虚警率FAR和TS评分三项指标,实现对雷电预警产品的评估.评估软件的实际运行表明:该方法不仅能够检验CAMS_LNWS预报雷电活动的能力,还能对预警方法的改进起到一定的指导作用,能够满足雷电业务产品评估的需要.     

浙江省雷击跳闸数据与闪电定位数据统计分析

利用浙江省电力部门雷击跳闸数据、浙江省气象局闪电定位数据,统计分析了2007—2011年电力雷击跳闸事故与地闪数据之间的时空分布特点、雷击跳闸事故与地闪参数及距离之间的关系。结果表明:电力雷击跳闸事故与地闪数据的日分布和月分布均为单峰结构,相关系数分别为0.9905和0.9881;空间分布虽有一定对应,但并非显著相关;导致110kV、220kV及500kV输电线路雷击跳闸的地闪强度主要集中在90kA以下,并且500kV输电线路雷击跳闸对应的电流强度相对较小;地闪与雷击跳闸事故杆塔距离、地闪与雷击跳闸杆塔对应输电线路的距离均主要集中在2km以下。     

山西数字测震台站雷击原因分析及防护措施研究

在详细分析雷电灾害特征的基础上,阐述了防雷工作的主要技术手段。分析山西数字测震台站2012年-2013年雷击灾害的成因,针对测震台站的构成特点,研究了台站综合防雷系统的设计方法,提出相应的防护技术措施。     

中国地区闪电和对流层上部NOx的时空分布特征及其相关性分析

为了解闪电对对流层上部NO_x的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心（GHRC）提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NO_x体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NO_x在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NO_x的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO₂的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO₂并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NO_x的传输,而人类活动产生的NO_x一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NO_x极值较大,所在的高度也较高.     

应用系统分析与事故树模型的设备雷电灾害风险评估

分析目前国内雷电灾害风险评估发展现状,针对精细化雷击风险评估需求,以某大桥塔体电梯雷电灾害风险评估为例,在对雷击损坏途径进行系统分析的基础上,引入事故树(FTA)分析方法对电梯雷击损坏事件的致因关系进行了建模、分析与评价,得出电梯雷击损坏事件发生的年预计概率、导致雷击电梯损坏事件发生的关键以及最佳控制雷击电梯损坏事件发生的最有效因素。     

电源避雷器选型与安装应注意的事项

根据国际电工委员会与国家防雷规范的要求,确定电源避雷器选型与安装的最佳途径和应注意的事项。