不同激光扫描数据组拼接的一种新方法

激光扫描测量技术在三维城市建模领域的应用具有良好的发展前景。但是,不同精度的扫描数据组的拼接是目前需要解决的主要问题之一,本文对不同精度的数据组的拼接进行了实验性研究,并提出了一种新方法。     

图像处理技术在地质灾害监测中的应用

三维激光微位移监测技术是一种对地质灾害进行长期监测的新方法。该技术用激光作为光源，用CCD摄像器作为镜头，通过图象采集卡把视频信号采入计算机中，用与该仪器配套的专门软件对采集到的光斑图像进行处理，计算出光斑的三维中心坐标值，把该值和原点坐标值进行比较，就可以算出灾害体滑动的距离。该系统可以对灾害体进行长期、非接触监测，监测时间、监测频率可以任意设定。文章概括介绍该监测的原理，各个组成部分，重点介绍软件部分，即采集的视频信号进入计算机后的图像处理过程和数据库结构。该监测系统已在三块地区试运行了3个月，效果较好。     

Preliminary Results from a New 157 nm Laser Ablation ICP-MS Instrument: New Opportunities in the Analysis of Solid Samples

Preliminary results are given from an excimer 157 nm laser ablation multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (LA-MC-ICP-MS), used for the isotopic measurements of solid materials. Elements of geological interest with different volatilities such as Pb and U (e.g. zircon geochronology) and Cu and Zn (as examples of geochemical/biochemical tracers) were analysed. The range of ablation rates of 20-150 nm s^-1 enabled us to ablate the sample down to a depth of 45 μm for a 50 μm diameter pit. The Cu and Zn isotopic measurements gave values that were very stable with, on average, a 0.01 % standard error, comparable with that achieved in liquid mode measurements.     

Determination of Lithium, Beryllium and Boron at Trace Levels by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry

The analytical capabilities of laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS in determining Li, Be and B at trace levels in geological samples have been tested on a series of glass reference materials and natural samples. The LA-ICP-MS instrument used consisted of a sector-field ICP-MS coupled with a laser ablation microprobe operating at either 266 or 213 nm wavelength. Reference glasses from NIST (SRM 612, 614 and 616) and MPI-DING (KL2-G, ML3B-G, StHs6/80-G, GOR128-G, GOR132-G, T1-G and ATHO-G) were selected to develop the analytical method and to assess the best instrumental configuration. A series of calcic amphiboles with different Li, Be and B concentrations were also analysed using both LA-ICP-MS and SIMS to test the applicability of the method to natural minerals. Results indicated that with a spot size of 40 μm the agreement between measured and reference values of Li, Be and B is generally better than 10% for NIST SRM 612 and 20% for NIST SRM 614. Average reproducibility at the 2s level was 10% for Li, 20% for Be and 15% for B. Limits of detection were approximately 100 ng g^-1 for Be and B and 200 ng g^-1 for Li. These results were confirmed by analyses carried out on natural amphiboles and compared well in terms of precision and accuracy with those commonly achieved by SIMS.     

城市轨道交通盾构隧道病害空间分布特征量化研究

随着地铁的不断建设与投入使用,我国正在逐步进入地铁运营养护期,地铁病害检测与运营养护也逐渐得到重视。随着地铁运营年限的增加,病害也呈现加重趋势。通过三维激光扫描技术获取隧道病害全面信息,利用空间自相关性分析地铁隧道病害的地理空间分布特征,对于认识病害形成机理,防治病害具有重要意义。本文以某地铁隧道通过三维激光扫描所获得的水平收敛数据为基础,利用空间自相关分析法定量分析了病害在地理空间上的分布特征,以及与周边水文地质环境的关系。结果表明,隧道病害在地理空间分布上呈现显著的空间正相关与空间集聚特性,且病害严重区与隧道周边水文地质环境密切相关。本文结果为隧道病害地理空间分布特征研究、认识病害分布规律及后期病害治理提供了有效依据。     

江西德兴西湾钠长花岗岩的激光质谱~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar等时年龄

对采自江西德兴西湾钠长花岗岩的样品进行了激光质谱４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ年龄测定,得到等时年龄为（９２７９±１８６）Ｍａ。该年龄代表了赣东北蛇绿岩套中浅色侵入体部分的钠长花岗岩冷却到３５０℃左右时的结晶年龄,把它作为该蛇绿岩套形成时代的上限。结合近年来已经发表的有关该区蛇绿岩套的ＳｍＮｄ、ＵＰｂ和４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ同位素年龄数据,本文就该蛇绿岩套的形成年龄和构造侵位年龄进行了讨论。     

Multi-Source Emission Determination Using an Inverse-Dispersion Technique

Inverse-dispersion calculations can be used to infer atmospheric emission rates through a combination of downwind gas concentrations and dispersion model predictions. With multiple concentration sensors downwind of a compound source (whose component positions are known) it is possible to calculate the component emissions. With this in mind, a field experiment was conducted to examine the feasibility of such multi-source inferences, using four synthetic area sources and eight concentration sensors arranged in different configurations. Multi-source problems tend to be mathematically ill-conditioned, as expressed by the condition number κ. In our most successful configuration (average κ = 4.2) the total emissions from all sources were deduced to within 10% on average, while component emissions were deduced to within 50%. In our least successful configuration (average κ = 91) the total emissions were calculated to within only 50%, and component calculations were highly inaccurate. Our study indicates that the most accurate multi-source inferences will occur if each sensor is influenced by only a single source. A “progressive” layout is the next best: one sensor is positioned to “see” only one source, the next sensor is placed to see the first source and another, a third sensor is placed to see the previous two plus a third, and so on. When it is not possible to isolate any sources κ is large and the accuracy of a multi-source inference is doubtful.     

基于三维激光扫描技术的钢结构扰度检测及应用

钢结构在长期荷载及不均匀受力的作用下会产生空间变形,其中扰度是其重要的衡量指标。通常采用全站仪采集钢结构轴线上若干特征点进行分析、计算,由于钢结构特征点难以捕捉,测量存在误差,并且有限的空间离散点难以全面反应钢结构空间变形。本文采用徕卡RTC360三维激光扫描进行钢结构扰度测量;介绍了其作业流程及数据处理方法;利用标靶将各个测站的三维点云拼接成一个整体;采用拟合的方法提取空间特征点及轴线;利用三维点云构建空间模型,并与设计模型进行碰撞分析;可全面地反映钢结构的空间变形情况。     

硅酸盐和金属氧化物矿物氧同位素组成的CO_2激光氟化分析

我室采用MIR 10型CO2 激光器 ,在一种富BrF5的氛围中使激光对硅酸盐和氧化物矿物样品加热形成O2 ,经多次纯化后用 5 的分子筛吸收 ,再直接送至气体质谱仪进行氧同位素比值测定。这个实验流程与传统方法相比的改进不仅在使用激光加热技术及样品的放置上 ,而且在直接采用O2 而不是CO2 进行质谱测定。采用O2 进行直接分析的优点不仅避免了向CO2 转化过程中的潜在同位素分馏 ,而且能够得到样品的δ1 7O值 ,因此为宇宙样品分析提供了可能。CO2 激光氟化技术的优点是所需样品量小 (可低达 1～ 2mg) ,因此能够分析微小岩石区域或单矿物晶体内的氧同位素分布。同时 ,激光可以达到非常高的温度 (>40 0 0K) ,因此能够对某些难熔矿物 (如锆石、蓝晶石、橄榄石等 )进行氧同位素分析。