Monitoring of rapid salt weathering in the central Namib Desert using limestone blocks

Pre-weighed blocks of a Jurassic Limestone were exposed on the ground surface in the coastal Namib Desert for a period of 2 years. The environment is both salty and foggy. Some of the blocks suffered extensive disintegration, and laboratory analyses (including geochemistry, XRD and SEM) indicate that the weathered samples have a high halite (sodium chloride) content. Cycles of wetting and drying associated with the frequent fog events of the area cause cycles of halite crystallization. Rocks exposed at the surface absorb salts from the surrounding desert surface and then disintegrate, contributing to planation of the landscape.     

川西盆地雾和能见度的气候特征及其对飞行的影响

利用川西盆地广汉机场气象台1986年1月~1995年12月共10 a地面观测资料,对广汉机场低能见度的生消时间、持续时间和能见度的年季节变化及其日变化做了统计分析,研究广汉机场全年能见度的飞行气候特征,特别是低能见度气候特征对飞行的影响。结果表明,能见度日变化特征表现为:白天早、晚时段能见度较低,午后能见度达到最高。能见度的季节变化特征表现为:冬(12,1,2月)、春季(3,4,5月)能见度较低,而夏(6,7,8月)、秋季(9,10,11月)能见度较高。冬季能见度的变化主要受辐射雾影响,夏季能见度的变化主要受降水的影响,随着降水强度的变化而变化,低能见度时间短暂。各标准低能见度逐时频率的日变化特征在各季基本相似,低能见度高频率区均出现在早晨到上午,低频率区均出现在下午。     

RESEARCH ON AUTOMATIC FOG IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY BY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

There is an urgent need for the development of a method that can undertake rapid, effective, and accurate monitoring and identification of fog by satellite remote sensing, since heavy fog can cause enormous disasters to China’s national economy and people's lives and property in the urban and coastal areas. In this paper, the correlative relationship between the reflectivity of land surface and clouds in different time phases is found, based on the analysis of the radiative and satellite-based spectral characteristics of fog. Through calculation and analyses of the relative variability of the reflectivity in the images, the threshold to identify quasi-fog areas is generated automatically. Furthermore, using the technique of quick image run-length encoding, and in combination with such practical methods as analyzing texture and shape fractures, smoothness, and template characteristics, the automatic identification of fog and fog-cloud separation using meteorological satellite remote sensing images are studied, with good results in application.     

郑州市大雾气候特点及一次个例分析

为了了解近20 a郑州市大雾的时空变化特征,根据1980-2005年郑州市大雾观测记录,统计分析了这一时期郑州市大雾的变化特点及产生大雾时的气象要素特征;并利用河南省地面和探空观测资料以及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,从要素场、大气稳定度等方面,对2007年12月25-27日郑州市大雾形成原因进行了分析.结果表明:郑州市年雾日数呈下降趋势,每月都可以出现大雾,但12月最多,6月最少.降水后较大的相对湿度、稳定的大气层结以及近地层较小风速等是大雾形成的必要条件.     

液氮消过冷雾对冷云催化增雨的启示

对用液氮消过冷雾和冷云催化增雨作业的宏、微观条件进行比较，找出其异同点，并根据消冷雾作业所出现的物理响应推演冷云催化后应出现的结果，以弥补飞机云中催化后缺少直接观测资料的缺陷，进而对液氮（LN）增雨效果进行探讨。     

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL AND LINEAR TREND IN MENGLUN, XISHUANGBANNA, SOUTHWEST CHINA

1 INTRODUCTIONAs one of the main factors affecting input and useof precipitation by forests, rainfall also makes adifference on partitioning of gross precipitation overthe canopy, equilibrium of water amount in river basinsand water cycling processes[1-4]…     

贵州省秋季雨日时空变化及其与大气环流的关系

利用贵州省81站1964—2013年秋季(9—11月)雨日数及美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料,借助Morlet小波、合成分析等相关诊断方法,对贵州省秋季雨日数时空特征及其与大气环流的关系进行了分析。结果表明:贵州省秋季雨日数分布由东南部向西北部逐渐增多,一般在30.0~52.3 d。近50年秋季全省平均雨日数为40.5 d,总体呈减少趋势,每10年雨日数减少1.9 d。秋季雨日数突变发生在1987年前后,1964—1987年为偏多时段,1988—2013年为偏少时段,其中1997年以后减少趋势最为明显。近50年贵州秋季雨日序列存在准5 a和2~3 a的振荡周期,其中准5 a振荡最为显著。当贵州秋季雨日异常偏多时,南海上空的水汽通量在贵州地区辐合抬升,来自低纬地区的暖湿空气输送更加活跃,东亚大槽偏强,低纬度地区槽脊略有加深,贵州处于印缅槽前,偏南气流强盛,从而有利于冷、暖空气在贵州地区交汇,形成阴雨天气,造成贵州秋季雨日数异常偏多;反之亦然。     

重庆城区浓雾的基本特征

统计分析沙坪坝1951～2002年间发生的浓雾事件，结合2001年12月重庆市雾的外场试验资料，探索重庆市主城区浓雾的基本特征。重庆主城区浓雾随年代演变有减缓趋势；主城区浓雾是自然雾与烟尘等的混合物，河谷及城市效应使雾更浓；城市中出现浓雾的大气边界层特征是在近地面层有逆温及增湿降温现象；高浓度气溶胶的净辐射效应阻碍白天混合层发展，使大气边界层趋于稳定，它是重庆连续几天有雾的原因之一；浓雾具有一定的湿沉降作用，能有限地清洁空气；有浓雾的天气条件下，建议降低污染物的排放总量，以避免严重大气污染事件发生。     

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds in ambient air of Shanghai,China

The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of 19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m⁻³ respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in Shanghai was even worse than expected.     

阿尔山地区积雪变化特征

选取阿尔山气象站1981—2015年冷季(10月—次年4月)气象资料,利用滑动平均、线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall等方法,对年最大积雪深度、积雪日数、气温和降水量进行分析。结果表明,阿尔山地区年最大积雪深度主要发生在1月至3月,其中2月份概率最大,达50%;34 a内最大积雪深度呈上升趋势(2.77 cm/10a),年平均增加0.98%,且年最大积雪深度在1998年发生了突变,即在1998年之前增长缓慢,在2000年以后上升趋势显著。积雪日数的统计分析表明,初始积雪日数和有效积雪日数呈现略微减少趋势,而稳定积雪日数有微弱的增加趋势;通常初始积雪日数比有效积雪日数大30天左右。年最大积雪深度与稳定积雪时期的降水量、积雪日数、日照时数有显著的相关性,相关系数分别为0.647、0.515、0.584,但与稳定积雪时期的气温没有明显的相关性。在全球变暖的大环境下,积雪深度随着降水量和日照时数的增加而增加,且积雪深度受降水量的影响大于日照时数的影响。