Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration by Combining Aircraftand Ground-Based Measurements

Two methods are examined for combining measurements from instrumented aircraftand towers to estimate regional scale evapotranspiration. Aircraft data provided spatially averaged values of properties of the surface, the evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance. These quantities are less sensitive to meteorological conditions than the turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapour themselves. The methods allowed aircraft data collected over several days to be averaged and thus to reduce the random error associated with the temporal under-sampling inherent in aircraft measurements. Evaporative fraction is estimated directly from the aircraft data, while maximum stomatal conductance is estimated by coupling the Penman–Monteith equation to a simple model relating surface conductance to the incoming shortwave radiation and specific humidity saturation deficit. The spatial averages of evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance can then be used with routine tower data to estimate the regional scale evapotranspiration. Data from aircraft flights and six ground based sites during the OASIS field campaign in south–east New South Wales in 1995 have been used to check the methods. Both the evaporative fraction and the maximum stomatal conductance derived from the aircraft data give information on the spatial variability of the surface energy budget at scales from 10 to 100 km. Daily averaged latent heat fluxes estimated using these methods for the OASIS study region agree with the available observations in quasi-stationary conditions or in weakly non-stationary conditions when the data from several aircraft flights are averaged to reduce the impact of short term imbalances in the surface energy budget.     

Where do planes fly past overhead? Determining departure and arrival routes from radar traces

This paper questions the main techniques of mapping in the context of aircraft noise in the vicinity of airports, and compares these techniques in terms of their purpose, benefits and limitations. Then the paper describes a method to summarise radar traces of a given air transport departure or arrival route into a median route and its envelope containing 80% of flights. This makes it possible to map global and easy-to-read maps of current air procedures around airports based on actual pathways flown by the aircraft. It also makes it possible to investigate the impact of change in aeronautical procedures on the actual geography of air routes around airports. Such maps complement noise contour maps and offer a good basis for debating aeronautical procedures at airports whose operations expose the population to noise.     

Observations And Modelling Of The On-Ice And Off-Ice Air Flow Over The Northern Baltic Sea

Two cases of on-ice and off-ice air flow characterizing the opposite weather situations over the ice-edge zone in the northern Baltic Sea are analysed on the basis of aircraft observations, and modelled using atwo-dimensional mesoscale model. The stable boundary layer (SBL) during theon-ice flow exhibited little thermal modification, but a low-level jet (LLJ) was generated at the 250-m high top of the SBL. In the model, the LLJ was associated with inertial oscillations in space, while the baroclinicity explained the shape of the wind profile well above the SBL. Although the observed LLJ was most pronounced over the ice, the modelling suggests that it was not generated by the ice edge but by the coastline some 400 km upwind of the ice edge, where a much more drastic change in the thermal stratification and surface roughness took place. The generation, maintenance, and strength of the LLJ were very sensitive to the parameterization of turbulent mixing in the SBL. In the case of the off-ice flow, the modification of the air mass and the development of a convective boundary layer (CBL) both over the ice and open sea were reasonably well modelled. Sensitivity runs suggested that it was essential to take into account the effects of subgrid-scale leads, a forest in the archipelago (which was crossed by the air flow), and water vapour condensationinto ice crystals. The heat flux from leads was particularly important for the heatbudget of the CBL, and the observed growth of the CBL was partly due to theeffective mixing over the rough and relatively warm forest.     

河南省飞机人工增雨试验方案设计

借鉴国内外已有的探测和分析研究成果，结合国内人工增雨飞机的性能，着重介绍在催化作业和探测时，开展等半径盘旋上升（或下降）垂直观测，和在特定高度上进行水平观测的方案设计及其资料收集、处理、存档的流程。为开展人工增雨作业、观测提供科学依据。     

微型无人飞机遥感影像后期处理技术方法研究

微型无人飞机遥感对于影像的采集具有低成本、高精度、快速度的特点,但是获取的数码图像畸变很大不能直接使用。以吐鲁番市葡萄沟景区、和布克赛尔县景区和克拉玛依市化学工业园区的航拍影像为研究对象,对造成误差的各种因素进行分析,归纳总结出引起影像几何变形的因素主要可以分为有规律的系统性因素和无规律的非系统性因素,并针对这些因素提出畸变纠正和"二级校正"的思路和方法。通过实际应用,表明这种影像的后期处理方法和流程是有效可行的,可为资源调查和灾害应急调查提供有力的技术方法和数据支撑。     

无人机弹射起飞技术分析

针对无人机起飞安全问题,介绍了利用弹射架弹射起飞方式来提高无人机起飞安全系数,并详细阐述了弹射架种类及工作原理。     

Do stratocumulus clouds detrain? FIRE I data revisited

Analyses of aircraft observations of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer during the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE I) show the frequent presence of clear, but relatively moist, air patches near the stratocumulus cloud-top interface. A conditional sampling of measurements in these clear air patches shows that their thermodynamic properties do more resemble boundary-layer air characteristics than those of free troposphere air. From an aircraft leg through cloud tops it is demonstrated that turbulent mixing across the cloud-top interface can lead to the local dissipation of the cloud top. Analogous to the terminology used for shallow cumulus parameterizations this process can be considered as detrainment, with which we mean that after a mixing event across the cloud-top boundaries, mixed unsaturated parcels become part of the clear environment of the cloud.     

陕西飞机人工增雨效果统计检验方法研究

应用针对陕西省飞机人工增雨作业特点设计的区域回归统计方案,对2002、2003、2006年春、秋季飞机增雨分别进行效果分析,结果表明:春季11架次08?20时平均增雨量1.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量0.3 mm;秋季13架次08?20时平均增雨量3.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量1.3 mm;通过成对试验符号秩和检验,显著性水平均优于5%,表明作业效果显著;分析结果说明了统计方案的可行性。基于该区域回归统计方案开发的飞机增雨效果评估系统,实现对增雨效果的及时、客观、定量评估。     

化工污染气体无人机遥感监测

无人机大气环境监测虽然处于起步阶段,但已成为环保部门一项重要的工作内容,对于提高突发性大气污染事件的预防及应急监测具有重要意义。本文以化工污染气体排放高危区齐鲁化学工业区为研究区,利用搭载有高分辨率相机和污染气体监测仪的旋翼无人机（“环鹰一号”）系统,结合地面核查验证的方式,设计了一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化碳（CO）和二氧化硫（SO₂）3种污染气体污染遥感监测流程及方法。通过实验区地面验证,以及150、200、250、350 m高度污染气体浓度监测结果分析表明,化工园区污染气体排放具有空间水平差异及垂直扩散特征,联合水平和垂直异常值分析,能为提前排查污染源排放提供有效支撑。本研究是无人机在环保部门大气环境监测中的实际应用,能为后续化工园区及重点企业污染物排放定期监管提供技术支持。