排序方式: 共有17条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Orr JC Fabry VJ Aumont O Bopp L Doney SC Feely RA Gnanadesikan A Gruber N Ishida A Joos F Key RM Lindsay K Maier-Reimer E Matear R Monfray P Mouchet A Najjar RG Plattner GK Rodgers KB Sabine CL Sarmiento JL Schlitzer R Slater RD Totterdell IJ Weirig MF Yamanaka Y Yool A 《Nature》2005,437(7059):681-686
Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals and some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean-carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously. 相似文献
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Gout AM;ADPKD Gene Variant Consortium Ravine D Harris PC Rossetti S Peters D Breuning M Henske EP Koizumi A Inoue S Shimizu Y Thongnoppakhun W Yenchitsomanus PT Deltas C Sandford R Torra R Turco AE Jeffery S Fontes M Somlo S Furu LM Smulders YM Mercier B Ferec C Burtey S Pei Y Kalaydjieva L Bogdanova N McCluskey M Geon LJ Wouters CH Reiterova J Stekrová J San Millan JL Aguiari G Del Senno L 《Nature genetics》2007,39(4):427-428
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心室颤时脑微动脉血管的应力实验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
实验测得了猫在心室颤前,后的脑微动脉内径及血压的变化,引入增量应力和应变的概念,计算了在心室颤前后微动脉血管(内径小于100μm)应力与应变的变化规律,并获得了在不同期间内血管的本构方程。 相似文献
4.
Organic aerosol (OA) is a crucial component of atmospheric fine particles. To achieve a better understanding of the chemical characteristics and sources of OA in Beijing, the size-resolved chemical composition of submicron aerosols were measured in-situ using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer in the winter of 2010, with a high time resolution of 5 min. During this study, the mean OA mass concentration was 20.9±25.3 μg/m3, varying between 1.9 and 284.6 μg/m3. Elemental analysis showed that the average H/C, O/C and N/C (molar ratio) were 1.70, 0.17, and 0.005, respectively, corresponding to an OM/OC ratio (mass ratio of organic matter to organic carbon) of 1.37. The average mass-based size distributions of OA present a promi- nent accumulation mode peaking at approximately 450 nm. The prominent presence of ultrafine particles (Dva < 100 nm) was mainly from the fresh emissions of combustion sources. A Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) analysis of the organic mass spectral dataset differentiated the OA into three components, including hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking-related (COA), and oxygenated (OOA) organic aerosols, which, on average, accounted for 26.9%, 49.7% and 23.4%, respectively, of the total organic mass. The HOA and COA likely corresponded to primary organic aerosol (POA) associated with combustion-related and cooking emissions, respectively, and the OOA components corresponded to aged secondary organic aerosol (SOA). 相似文献
5.
A functional variant in FCRL3, encoding Fc receptor-like 3, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and several autoimmunities 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Kochi Y Yamada R Suzuki A Harley JB Shirasawa S Sawada T Bae SC Tokuhiro S Chang X Sekine A Takahashi A Tsunoda T Ohnishi Y Kaufman KM Kang CP Kang C Otsubo S Yumura W Mimori A Koike T Nakamura Y Sasazuki T Yamamoto K 《Nature genetics》2005,37(5):478-485
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disease with a complex genetic etiology. Here we identify a SNP in the promoter region of FCRL3, a member of the Fc receptor-like family, that is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (odds ratio = 2.15, P = 0.00000085). This polymorphism alters the binding affinity of nuclear factor-kappaB and regulates FCRL3 expression. We observed high FCRL3 expression on B cells and augmented autoantibody production in individuals with the disease-susceptible genotype. We also found associations between the SNP and susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. FCRL3 may therefore have a pivotal role in autoimmunity. 相似文献
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Nakao N Ono H Yamamura T Anraku T Takagi T Higashi K Yasuo S Katou Y Kageyama S Uno Y Kasukawa T Iigo M Sharp PJ Iwasawa A Suzuki Y Sugano S Niimi T Mizutani M Namikawa T Ebihara S Ueda HR Yoshimura T 《Nature》2008,452(7185):317-322
Molecular mechanisms regulating animal seasonal breeding in response to changing photoperiod are not well understood. Rapid induction of gene expression of thyroid-hormone-activating enzyme (type 2 deiodinase, DIO2) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is the earliest event yet recorded in the photoperiodic signal transduction pathway. Here we show cascades of gene expression in the quail MBH associated with the initiation of photoinduced secretion of luteinizing hormone. We identified two waves of gene expression. The first was initiated about 14 h after dawn of the first long day and included increased thyrotrophin (TSH) beta-subunit expression in the pars tuberalis; the second occurred approximately 4 h later and included increased expression of DIO2. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of TSH to short-day quail stimulated gonadal growth and expression of DIO2 which was shown to be mediated through a TSH receptor-cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling pathway. Increased TSH in the pars tuberalis therefore seems to trigger long-day photoinduced seasonal breeding. 相似文献
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Samatey FA Matsunami H Imada K Nagashima S Shaikh TR Thomas DR Chen JZ Derosier DJ Kitao A Namba K 《Nature》2004,431(7012):1062-1068
The bacterial flagellum is a motile organelle, and the flagellar hook is a short, highly curved tubular structure that connects the flagellar motor to the long filament acting as a helical propeller. The hook is made of about 120 copies of a single protein, FlgE, and its function as a nano-sized universal joint is essential for dynamic and efficient bacterial motility and taxis. It transmits the motor torque to the helical propeller over a wide range of its orientation for swimming and tumbling. Here we report a partial atomic model of the hook obtained by X-ray crystallography of FlgE31, a major proteolytic fragment of FlgE lacking unfolded terminal regions, and by electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional helical image reconstruction of the hook. The model reveals the intricate molecular interactions and a plausible switching mechanism for the hook to be flexible in bending but rigid against twisting for its universal joint function. 相似文献
10.
建立了超高压电镜三维图像重构的方法与系统,首次在2MV加速电压下进行了从获得二维电镜像到三维重构尝试。通过图像校下在敢单轴放置试样夹中因试样高度变化引起的放大倍数和像转为动的问题;提出了利用投影像的镝像对称关系来确定倾斜轴方向以及计算倾斜角度上相邻两个投影像间的差来进行平移校直的方法,大肠杆菌试样重构的实验结果表明,超高压电镜三维图像重构技术能够有效地再现厚试样的内部构造,在生物学和材料科学等领域 相似文献