Biochemical Changes in Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii During Larval Development

Abstract.— Quantitative changes in the protein, lipid and carbohydrate were studied in the early larval stages of developing freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii reared under fed and starved conditions to understand the relative importance of these nutrients in energy metabolism of the growing larvae. Larvae obtained from several females were stocked into three 250-L tanks at a density of 30 larvae/L. The feeding regime consisted of newly hatched Artemia nauplii. Protein was always the major organic constituent followed by lipids and then carbohydrates of both fed and starved larvae. Protein levels of both fed and starved larvae increased during development, suggesting an important role in morphogenesis. The decline of lipid during the larval growth that was more rapid for starved larvae, suggests a probable utilization of lipid as the major metabolic source of energy. Carbohydrates formed less than 5 and 2.4% of the larval dry weight of fed and starved larvae, respectively, suggesting their limited role in larval metabolism.     

北京市小黑麦田杂草种类及其为害的调查研究

小黑麦是由小麦和黑麦属间人工杂交合成的新物种,它既保持了小麦的优良品质和丰产性,又结合了黑麦的抗病性和繁茂性,同时还具备蛋白质和赖氨酸含量高于双亲的新特性.种植小黑麦既可覆盖首都冬季部分裸露土地,减少风沙起尘,又可在春季获得优质高产饲草.为了促进饲草多元化的发展,提高小黑麦产量、增加经济收入,我们对北京市小黑麦田的杂草种类及危害进行了系统调查,旨在为小黑麦田杂草防治提供科学依据.     

植原体基因组学研究进展

植原体（phytoplasma）是一类重要的植物病原细菌, 可经叶蝉、飞虱等昆虫介体传播, 感染1 000多种植物, 产生丛枝、黄化、韧皮部黑斑坏死等症状, 给农业、林业生产带来巨大的损失。本文对植原体基因组学研究的历史、现状及当前植原体效应蛋白等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

牛冠状病毒和轮状病毒的双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种快速诊断牛病毒性腹泻疾病的方法,利用本研究室分离鉴定的牛冠状病毒(BCV)和牛轮状病毒(BRV)毒株,根据GenBank中登录的BCV、BRV核苷酸序列分别设计并合成了两对能特异性扩增BCV、BRV的引物,经过条件优化,建立了检测BCV、BRV的双重PCR方法,扩增两种病毒的片段分别为244 bp和382 bp.该方法检测BCV和BRV的敏感度分别为1个和100个TCID50/100μL.应用这一方法能从病料中检测出这2种病毒.结果表明该双重RT-PCR方法具有很好的特异性和敏感性,可用于这2种病毒性疾病的快速诊断.     

丛枝菌根真菌及深色有隔内生真菌对大田生姜生长效应分析

为探讨施用丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)及深色有隔内生真菌(Dark Septate Endophytes,DSE)菌剂对生姜生长的影响,以生姜为研究对象,选择AMF菌剂、DSE菌剂以及AMF+DSE混合菌剂进行大田试验,于生姜发根期采集生姜根系样品,进行根系侵染检测,...     

Nutritional interventions to prevent and rear low‐birthweight piglets

Selection for hyperprolific sows, as a means of increasing litter size and profit, has resulted in an increased number of low‐birthweight (LBW) piglets. These LBW piglets might suffer from increased morbidity and mortality during the early neonatal period. In addition, they show reduced growth performance, meat and carcass quality, which leads to an important economic loss for the farmer in the post‐natal period. Therefore, nutritional interventions can be undertaken to prevent and rear LBW piglets. In the first part of this review, the preventive strategies at the sow level will be discussed. Approaches in preventing LBW piglets are to optimize the intrauterine environment via supplementing the sow during gestation. In the second part of this review, the interventions at the piglet level will be described. To increase the survival and growth rates of LBW piglets, one must focus on ensuring adequate colostrum and milk intake. Interventions include supplementing piglets, split nursing, split weaning and cross‐fostering. Additional interventions increasing the probability of optimal post‐natal food intake will be discussed.     

The Microstructure,Antibacterial and Antitumor Activities of Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Derivatives

Chitosan obtained from abundant marine resources has been proven to have a variety of biological activities. However, due to its poor water solubility, chitosan application is limited, and the degradation products of chitosan oligosaccharides are better than chitosan regarding performance. Chitosan oligosaccharides have two kinds of active groups, amino and hydroxyl groups, which can form a variety of derivatives, and the properties of these derivatives can be further improved. In this review, the key structures of chitosan oligosaccharides and recent studies on chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives, including their synthesis methods, are described. Finally, the antimicrobial and antitumor applications of chitosan oligosaccharides and their derivatives are discussed.     

Amino Acid Composition of Developing Larval Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract.— Amino acid profiles of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were determined during early larval stages (I-IX) to provide some baseline biochemical information of the growing larvae. The larvae obtained from several females were stocked into three 250-L tanks at a density of 30 larvae/L. The feeding regime consisted of newly hatched Artemia nauplii and egg custard containing 5% cod liver oil. For each developmental stage, larval samples from each experimental tank were pooled, freeze dried and after acid hydrolysis, the quantification of amino acids was done by a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography ( N = 2). The highest represented of the total amino acids were for glutamic acid and phenylalanine (with cystine) with ranges from 13.4–16.6 and 9.7–11.5%, respectively, whereas tryptophan (1.4–1.6%). methionine (1.4–2.7%) and histidine (2.9–4.2%) were relatively lower. The levels of the following essential amino acids did not significantly change during larval development: arginine, leucine, phenylalanine (plus cystine), threonine, tryptophan and valine. Despite statistically significant changes that were observed in levels of some amino acids, amino acid composition appeared to be relatively unchanged during the larval growth. The results may suggest that the amino acid requirements of the freshwater prawn is relatively constant during larval life and can be satistied by a suitable protein source that resembles the larval amino acid profile.     

联合收割机稻麦收获边界激光在线识别系统设计与试验

针对联合收割机收获边界在线识别问题,利用激光无损探测技术,开发了联合收割机收获边界在线识别系统。首先介绍了系统组成、激光传感器选型及工作原理,将传感器输出数据极坐标转换为直角坐标,建立稻麦轮廓特征数学模型。由于收获过程会产生大量的灰尘,会对激光探测距离及信号反射产生影响。通过与作物特征阈值比较,对受灰尘影响的错误数据进行有效识别与剔除。采用移动平均数字滤波算法,消除系统测量噪声。通过信号阶跃变化模式识别算法,实现了收获边界的在线检测,准确推算出联合收割机作业割幅,并进行了田间试验研究。试验结果表明,该系统可实现在线监测,收获边界测量误差不大于12 cm,可为联合收割机智能监控系统的实际应用提供参考。     

陈年普洱茶香气成分及清除DPPH自由基活性研究

为研究陈年普洱茶的特征风味成分及生物活性,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法测定了3种陈年普洱茶中挥发性物质,结合质谱和保留指数共鉴定出57种化合物,其中甲氧基酚类、醇类及酮类化合物为主要香气成分。同时采用比色法测得3种普洱茶的沸水提取物的茶多酚含量分别为(41.91±1.98)、(43.84±2.56)及(41.28±2.57) mg GAE/(g·DW),并对3种普洱茶的1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基清除效果进行研究。结果表明3种普洱茶均具有较好的清除DPPH自由基能力,且呈剂量依赖性,测得3种普洱茶提取物清除DPPH·自由基的IC₅₀分别为(129.03±0.25)、(139.47±1.58)及 (152.57±3.34) mg GAE/L。