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1.
Ya. A. Virolainen Yu. M. Timofeev A. V. Polyakov H. Steele M. Newchurch 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2006,42(6):752-764
A statistical ensemble of microphysical parameters of the background stratospheric aerosol at altitudes of 15 to 30 km is modeled on the basis of experimental data. The aerosol attenuation coefficients (AACs) in the wavelength range 0.38–16.3 μm are calculated for all realizations of the ensemble by algorithms of the Mie theory. Analysis of correlations between the AACs and the microphysical parameters indicate that the AAC correlates most strongly with the total volume V and area S of all particles. The errors of determining the microphysical parameters from AAC measurements are analyzed via the method of linear regression. It is shown that, if the AAC is measured with an error of 5%, the errors of determining both the particle size distribution (PSD) for particles with sizes of 0.4 to 4 μm and the parameter S are an order of magnitude smaller than the prior uncertainty, whereas the error of determining V is two orders of magnitude smaller than the prior uncertainty. Schemes of AAC measurements with the SAGE III, ISAMS, CLAES, HALOE instruments and an IR interferometer in the visible and IR regions are discussed. It is shown that combining the schemes makes it possible to extend the range of particle sizes for which the PSD is retrieved with a satisfactory accuracy and to increase the accuracy of determining S and V substantially and the accuracy of determining the total number of particles N opt to a lesser extent. Examples of interpreting AAC measurements carried out simultaneously with the SAGE III and HALOE instruments within the same spatial region are presented. A systematic discrepancy between vertical profiles of S and V obtained from SAGE III and HALOE measurements is revealed. 相似文献
2.
A short survey prepared by the Russian Commission on Atmospheric Radiation contains the most significant results of work in the field of atmospheric-radiation studies performed in 2011–2014. It is part of the Russian National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences prepared for the International Association on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS)1. During this period, the Russian Commission on Atmospheric Radiation, jointly with the concerned departments and organizations, organized two International Symposiums on Radiation and Dynamics (ISARD-2011 and ISARD-2013). At these conferences, the central problems in modern atmospheric physics were discussed: radiative transfer (RT) and atmospheric optics; greenhouse gases, clouds, and aerosols; remote methods of measurements; and new measurement data. This survey presents six directions covering the whole spectrum of investigations performed in the field of atmospheric radiation. 相似文献
3.
B. A. Kagan E. V. Sofina A. A. Timofeev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(2):224-231
In order to reproduce the diapycnal mixing induced by internal tidal waves (ITWs) in the Arctic Ocean, we use a modified version
of the three-dimensional finite-element hydrothermodynamic model QUODDY-4. We found that the average (over the tidal cycle)
and integral (by depth) baroclinic tidal energy dissipation rate in individual areas of the Siberian continental shelf and
in the straits between the Canadian Arctic archipelago are much higher than in the open ocean and its values on ridges and
troughs are qualitatively similar to one another. Moreover, in the area of open-ocean ridges, the baroclinic tidal energy
dissipation rate increases as it approaches the bottom, but only in the bottom boundary layer; on the Mid-Atlantic and Hawaii
ridges, such an increase is observed within a few hundreds of meters away from the bottom. The average (in area and depth
of the open ocean) coefficient of diapycnal mixing defined by the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation rate is higher than
the coefficient of molecular kinematic viscosity and only a few times lower than the canonical value of the coefficient of
vertical turbulent viscosity, which is used in models of global oceanic circulation. Coupled with the reasoning on the localization
of baroclinic tidal energy dissipation, this fact leads to the conclusion that disregarding the contribution that ITW-induced
diapycnal mixing makes to the ocean-climate formation is hardly justified. 相似文献
4.
5.
Formulas for the evaluation of temperature and humidity of air, wind speed, and sensible and latent heat fluxes on the ocean
surface according to the satellite data on the sea-surface temperature and cloudiness are deduced on the basis of the analysis
of many-year radiosonde, meteorological, shipborne, and satellite data. The proposed formulas can also be used for the interpretation
of the results of remote sensing of the ocean and atmosphere by radiometers in the visible, infrared, and microwave regions.
The transformations of radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes are described depending on the sea-surface temperature
for various cloudiness conditions. The computed values of the amount of water in the atmosphere agree with the radiosonde
data obtained throughout the Earth, including the data of research vessels and stationary weather ships, as well as the data
obtained in the ATEP test ranges and in the Arctic.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, pp. 56–70, March–April, 2007. 相似文献
6.
The long-wave outgoing radiation, effective cloudiness equal to the product of the total cloud amount by their optical density,
and the sea-surface temperature determined from the satellites are used to determine the annual course of the components of
external heat balance on the sea surface whose climatic anomalies, parallel with the meridional heat and water transfer in
the ocean-atmosphere system, specify the intraannual and interannual large-scale variations of weather in different regions
of the Earth. The development of these studies is connected with the progress of satellite hydrophysics because the data obtained
from the space become sufficiently exact, regular, and global. The increase in the existing data array on the external heat
balance of the oceans from ∼15–20 to 100 yr and more would promote the solution of the problem of oscillations of Earth's
climate. We present examples of coordinated numerical analysis of the heat balance of the upper (0–100 m ) layer of the Black
Sea performed on the basis of the shipborne and satellite data.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 59–75, November–December, 2007. 相似文献
7.
B.?A.?KaganEmail author E.?V.?Sofina A.?A.?Timofeev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2018,54(2):206-212
It is well known that, within the linear nonviscous equations of tidal dynamics, the amplitudes of oscillations of the barotropic and baroclinic tidal velocity components unlimitedly increase when approaching the critical latitude. It is also known that the linear equations of tidal dynamics with a constant and specified vertical eddy viscosity indicate the occurrence of significant tidal velocity shears in the near-bottom layer, which are responsible for increasing the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation, the turbulent kinetic energy, and the thickness of the bottom boundary layer. The first circumstance—the growth of the amplitudes of oscillations of the barotropic and baroclinic tidal velocity components—is due to the elimination in the original equations of small terms, which are small everywhere except for the critical latitude zone. The second circumstance—the occurrence of significant tidal velocity shears—is due to the fact that internal tidal waves, which induce the dissipation of the baroclinic tidal energy and the diapycnal diffusion, are either not taken into account or described inadequately. It is suggested that diapycnal diffusion can lead to the degeneration (complete or partial) of tidal velocity shears, with all the ensuing consequences. The aforesaid is confirmed by simulation results obtained using the QUODDY-4 high-resolution three-dimensional finite-element hydrostatic model along the 66.25° E section, which passes in the Kara Sea across the critical latitude. 相似文献
8.
Garkusha A. S. Polyakov A. V. Timofeev Yu. M. Virolainen Ya. A. Kukharsky A. V. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2018,54(9):1244-1248
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - A new technique has been developed to obtain the total ozone content (TOC) under cloudy conditions from the spectra of outgoing thermal IR radiation... 相似文献
9.
B. A. Kagan A. A. Timofeev E. V. Sofina 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(5):652-662
The modeling results of surface and internal M2 tides for summer and winter periods in the Arctic Ocean (AO) are presented. We employed a modified version of the three-dimensional
finite-element hydrothermodynamic model QUODDY-4 differing from the original model by using a rotated (instead of spherical)
coordinate system and by considering the equilibrium-tide effects. It has been shown that the modeling results for the surface
tide differs little from the results obtained earlier by other authors. According to these results, the amplitudes of internal
tidal waves (ITWs) in the AO are significantly lower than in other oceans and the ITWs proper have the character of trapped
waves. Their source of generation is located at the continental slope northwest of the New Siberian Islands. Our results are
consistent with the fields of average (over a tidal cycle) and integral (by depth) densities of baroclinic tidal energy, the
maximum baroclinic tidal velocity, and the coefficient of diapycnic mixing. The local rate of baroclinic tidal energy dissipation
at the AO ridges increases as it approaches the bottom, as was observed on Mid-Atlantic and Hawaii ridges (but merely within
the bottom boundary layer) and is two to three orders of magnitude lower than in other oceans. The ITW degeneration scale
in the AO is several hundreds of kilometers in summer and winter, remaining within the range of its values between 100 and
1000 km in mid- and low-latitude oceans. In both seasons, the integral (over the AO area) rate of baroclinic tidal energy
dissipation is two orders of magnitude lower than the global estimate (2.5 × 1012 W). 相似文献
10.
D. V. Ionov M. A. Kshevetskaya Yu. M. Timofeev A. V. Poberovskii 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2013,49(5):519-529
Atmospheric NO2 content data obtained from regular ground-based measurements of solar IR radiation in the St. Petersburg region using a spectrometer with a high spectral resolution are analyzed. The absorption spectra of the NO2 multiplet in the vicinity of ~2915 cm?1 allow one to obtain data on variations in the stratospheric total content of NO2 in 2009–2011. The accuracy of these data is estimated from their comparison with data obtained from independent ground-based and satellite measurements. The parameters of the seasonal cycle of the stratospheric content of NO2 are estimated. The body of data accumulated during these measurements in the IR region made it possible to isolate the component of a daytime photochemical increase in the stratospheric content of NO2 and estimate its rate. 相似文献