解决西部开发中生态环境问题的对策

中国进行西部开发必须依据国情，实事求是地从生态建设入手，充分认识到西部地区实现山川秀兰就是最大，最好、最有益的发展。因而，在西部开发中应坚持系统，实现可持续发展战略；坚持生态观，开展生态环境建设；坚持法制观，加大环境保护宣传力度；坚持市场观，提高资源的综合利用；坚持科学观，加强环境保护的技术支持；坚持创新观，发挥高等院校的整体优势。     

建筑物火灾危险性评估的一种工程方法

提出了建筑物火灾危险性评估的一种工程方法。该方法基于建筑火灾的区域模拟理论和人员疏散的最新研究成果，分别计算出火灾中达到危险状态的时间和整个疏散过程所需的时间，通过对比这两个时间，来确定火灾危险性的大小。这种方法概念清晰，简单易行，能在一定程度上对实际建筑物的火灾危险性进行评估，也可用于对火灾的安全工程设计评价和安全咨询。     

Effect of reclaimed water effluent on bacterial community structure in the Typha angustifolia L. rhizosphere soil of urbanized riverside wetland, China

In order to evaluate the impact of reclaimed water on the ecology of bacterial communities in the Typha angustifolia L. rhizosphere soil,bacterial community structure was investigated using a combination of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16S rRNA gene clone library. The results revealed significant spatial variation of bacterial communities along the river from upstream and downstream. For example,a higher relative abundance of γ-Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Chloroflexi and a lower proportion ofβ-Proteobacteria and ε-Proteobacteria was detected at the downstream site compared to the upstream site. Additionally,with an increase of the reclaimed water interference intensity,the rhizosphere bacterial community showed a decrease in taxon richness,evenness and diversity. The relative abundance of bacteria closely related to the resistant of heavy-metal was markedly increased,while the bacteria related for carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus/sulfur cycling wasn't strikingly changed. Besides that,the pathogenic bacteria markedly increased in the downstream rhizosphere soil since reclaimed water supplement,while the possible plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria obviously reduced in the downstream sediment.Together these data suggest cause and effect between reclaimed water input into the wetland,shift in bacterial communities through habitat change,and alteration of capacity for biogeochemical cycling of contaminants.     

氯离子及油脂对硝酸磷钾肥水溶液安全性的研究

为了研究氯离子及油脂对硝酸磷钾肥水溶液热安定性的影响,采用绝热加热仪对含40%硝酸铵的硝酸磷钾肥水溶液进行升温热分析实验。实验表明,单独的氯离子对硝酸磷钾肥水溶液有抑制作用,且浓度越大,抑制作用越明显。而单独的油脂对硝酸磷钾肥水溶液起促进作用。氯离子和油脂同时存在时,氯离子浓度一定,油脂含量越大,促进硝酸磷钾肥水溶液的分解;油脂含量一定,氯离子对硝酸磷钾肥水溶液分解起促进作用。该结果对保障硝酸铵在生产、使用过程中的安全具有重要的参考价值。     

Metal distribution characteristic of MSWI bottom ash in view of metal recovery

Bottom ash is the major by-product of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI), and is often reused as an engineering material, such as road-base aggregate. However, some metals(especially aluminum) in bottom ash can react with water and generate gas that could cause expansion and failure of products containing the ash; these metals must be removed before the ash is utilized. The size distribution and the chemical speciation of metals in the bottom ash from two Chinese MSWI plants were examined in this study, and the recovery potential of metals from the ash was evaluated. The metal concentrations in these bottom ashes were lower than that generated in other developed countries. Specifically, the contents of Al,Fe, Cu and Zn were 18.9–29.2, 25.5–32.3, 0.7–1.0 and 1.6–2.5 g/kg, respectively. Moreover,44.9–57.0 wt.% of Al and 55.6–75.4 wt.% of Fe were distributed in bottom ash particles smaller than 5 mm. Similarly, 46.6–79.7 wt.% of Cu and 42.9–74.2 wt.% of Zn were concentrated in particles smaller than 3 mm. The Fe in the bottom ash mainly existed as hematite, and its chemical speciation was considered to limit the recovery efficiency of magnetic separation.     

大型社会活动的事故预防与控制

大型社会活动的安全形势非常严峻,本文通过对大型社会活动安全管理中存在的问题和事故影响因素的分析,从事故预防和控制的角度提出几点措施.     

我国24个典型饮用水源地中14种酚类化合物浓度分布特征

研究了14种酚类化合物在我国五大流域(黄河、海河、辽河、长江、淮河)24个典型饮用水源地水源水中的浓度水平.结果显示:14种酚类化合物在我国饮用水源地中的浓度在nd～213 ng·L-1范围内,浓度均值在2.44～31.2 ng·L-1范围内,浓度中位数在nd～40.0 ng·L-1范围内.14种酚类化合物中,硝基苯酚类化合物浓度最高,浓度中位数为37.9 ng·L-1,浓度平均值为27.4 ng·L-1.其次为苯酚、五氯酚、二氯苯酚(2,4-二氯苯酚和2,6-二氯苯酚)和三氯苯酚(2,4,6-三氯苯酚和2,4,5-三氯苯酚);四氯苯酚(2,3,5,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,5-四氯苯酚)和烷基苯酚(邻甲基苯酚、间甲基苯酚和对甲基苯酚)浓度较低.通过商值法对14种酚类化合物进行生态风险评价后发现,14种酚类化合物的风险商均远小于1,表明其对我国饮用水源地的生态风险较低.对8种已报道健康参考剂量或致癌斜率因子的酚类化合物进行健康风险评价,结果显示,7种酚类化合物的最大非致癌风险在10-6到10-4范围内,2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的致癌风险在10-6量级以下,表明其健康危害较弱.     

基于生产工艺的水泥工业项目竣工环保验收监测重点分析研究

基于水泥工业的生产工艺特点,说明新型干法生产时代,水泥生产的主要产污环节及特征污染物,并分析其对生态环境的影响和危害,表明该行业属高能耗、高污染的产能过剩行业.根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求和工作实践经验,结合生产工艺、特征污染物和污染物总量控制等要求,从废水监测、废气监测、噪声监测等方面阐明水泥行业项目竣工环保验收的侧重点和注意事项,并指出污染防治设施、总量控制等几方面应重点关注的问题.     

涪陵页岩气田钻井岩屑资源化利用实践

总结了涪陵页岩气田开发初期钻井岩屑采用固化填埋方式处置存在占地面积大且易产生二次污染隐患等问题,因地制宜地探索钻井岩屑的资源化利用。分析了水基岩屑随钻预处理和油基岩屑热脱附技术,结合钻井岩屑的理化性质,开展了水基岩屑脱水后干渣制路基材料、制砖及水泥窑协同处置,油基岩屑灰渣制混凝土、制砖及水泥窑协同处置的探索和实践,基于环境安全、技术稳定可靠、消纳量大的原则,最终形成了涪陵页岩气田钻井岩屑资源化方案:水基岩屑"随钻预处理、水泥窑协同处置",油基岩屑"热脱附、水泥窑协同处置",实现了钻井岩屑的资源化综合利用。     

涡凹气浮(CAF)/SBR法在高寒地区屠宰废水中的应用

采用涡凹气浮(CAF)和序批式活性污泥(SBR)法处理高寒地区屠宰废水,在冬季室温15℃以上培养的活性污泥完全适应该工艺的要求.经该工艺处理后,出水水质可达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,COD、BOD5、SS、氨氮和TN去除率分别达到95.3%、96.7%、87.1%、63.3%和60.9%.