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1.
1. The working hypothesis that neuropeptide gene expression in a neuron is an indicator of that neuron's physiological activity is discussed. 2. Representative examples from the literature are presented to support the hypothesis. 3. Further, we discuss the regulation of expression of two opioid peptides, preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin, in laminae I and II of the spinal cord and in nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nuclear complex, where they may play a role in pain modulation. 4. The expression of the opioid peptide genes can be induced by both painful and nonnoxious stimuli in neurons in time-dependent and sensory-specific fashions. 相似文献
2.
The uptake of sorbitol into vacuoles from immature flesh ofapple fruit (Maluspumila Mill, var domestica Schneid.) was facilitatedby 106 M ABA, while such uptake into protoplasts wasnot stimulated. By contrast, the application of 105 MIAA facilitated uptake of sorbitol into protoplasts but didnot significantly into vacuoles. (Received July 17, 1990; Accepted December 25, 1990) 相似文献
3.
4.
Yukio Takahata Toshikazu Hasegawa Toshisada Nishida 《International journal of primatology》1984,5(3):213-233
Fifty-four episodes of predatory behavior of wild chimpanzees were recorded in Mahale, western Tanzania, from August 1979
to May 1982. The chimpanzees most frequently hunt in two seasons, during May, and from August to December. Longer-term fecal
analysis indicates that predation frequency is significantly higher in the dry than in the rainy season. The seasonality of
predation might be the result of the sum of various ecological factors, at least one of which is the birth season of the prey
species. Most of the prey are juvenile blue duiker, bushbuck, bushpig, red colobus, and red-tailed monkeys. Sex difference
is recognized in the prey selection and in the hunting method employed. Apparent local difference in the predatory behavior
between Mahale and Combe chimpanzees (in Mahale,females hunt more frequently, and blue duiker is the most frequent prey) can be understood in terms of the difference either
in the observation methods or in the faunal diversity and density. Other aspects of predatory behavior also are reported. 相似文献
5.
Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa Toshikazu Hasegawa Toshisada Nishida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1984,25(4):401-413
Long-term demographic observations on a large-sized unit-group of chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, are summarized.
The unit-group, the M group, contains over 100 individuals, which makes it the largest unit-group ever reported. The age-sex
composition, natality, mortality and transfers of the M group are analyzed. An attempt is made to illustrate an age-sex pyramid
of the group by estimating the ages of all the individuals in the group. The results reveal that: (1) the mortality rate of
the male infants within 1 year almost doubled that of female infant; (2) adult male to adult female ratio of the M group is
considerably higher than any other unit-groups elsewhere; and (3) the M group contains a relatively large number of old animals
over 40 years of age, suggesting that the longevity of wild chimpanzees might be greater than estimated so far. 相似文献
6.
Tadao Maeda Toshikazu Yamaguchi Masahisa Hashimoto 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1981,223(2):357-363
A gas chromatographic method has been developed that permits the accurate and specific determination of the hypoglycaemic agent gliclazide in plasma. Gliclazide is extracted with chloroform and, after clean-up, derivatized with diazomethane followed by heptafluorobutyric anhydride to form N-methyl-N′-heptafluorobutyrylgliclazide, which is assayed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, an electron-capture detector or a nitrogen—phosphorus sensitive detector.Accurate determinations are possible with flame ionization detection over a concentration range of 1–15 μg/ml of gliclazide in plasma with a relative standard deviation of 5.2%. The minimum detectable concentration with electron-capture detection is 0.02 μg per sample. Plasma levels of gliclazide in dogs following single oral administration (40 mg per dog) have also been determined. 相似文献
7.
Hydrogen exchange kinetics of nucleic acids: Double and triple helices with Hoogsteen-type basepairs
Yuzuru Hayashi Mamoru Nakanishi Masamichi Tsuboi Toshikazu Fukui Morio Ikehara Ichiro Tazawa Yasuo Inoue 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression》1982,698(1):93-99
The kinetics of hydrogen-tritium exchange reaction have been followed by a Sephadex technique of a double-helical poly(ribo-2-methylthio-adenylic acid)·poly(ribouridylic acid) complex with the Hoogsteen-type basepair. Only one hydrogen in every 2-methylthio-adenine·uracil basepair has been found to exchange at a measurably slow rate, 0.023 s?1 (at 0°C), which is, however, much greater than that for a double-helix with the Watson-Crick type A·U pair. The kinetics of hydrogen-tritium exchange were also examined by triple-helical poly(rU)·poly(rA)·poly(rU) which involves both the Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen basepairings. Here, three hydrogens in every U·A·U base triplet have been found to exchange at a relatively slow rate, 0.0116 s?1 (at 0°C). The kinetics of hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions of these polynucleotide helices have also been followed by a stopped-flow ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry at various temperatures. On the basis of these experimental results, the mechanism of the hydrogen exchange reactions in these helical polynucleotides was discussed. In the triple helix, the rate-determining process of the slow exchange of the three (one uracil-imide and two adenine-amino) hydrogens is considered to be the opening of the Watson-Crick part of the U·A·U triplet. This opening is considered to take place only after the opening of the Hoogsteen part of the triplet. 相似文献
8.
Takashi Saitoh Jun Osawa Toshikazu Takanishi Shintaro Hayakashi Masaaki Ohmori Toshio Morita Shigeru Uemura Jon Olav Vik Nils Chr. Stenseth Koji Maekawa 《Population Ecology》2007,49(3):249-256
The effects of the abundance of acorns of the oak, Quercus crispula, on the population dynamics of three rodent species (Apodemus speciosus, A. argenteus, and Clethrionomys rufocanus) were analyzed using time series data (1992–2006). The data were obtained in a forest in northern Hokkaido, Japan, by live
trapping rodents and directly counting acorns on the ground. Apodemus speciosus generally increased in abundance following acorn masting. However, the clear effect of acorn abundance was not detected for
the other two rodent species. Acorns of Q. crispula contain tannins, which potentially have detrimental effects on herbivores. Apodemus speciosus may reduce the damage caused by acorn tannins with tannin-binding salivary proteins and tannase-producing bacteria, whereas
such physiological tolerance to tannins is not known in the other two rodent species. The differences in the effects of acorns
between the three species may be due to differences in their physiological tolerance to tannins. 相似文献
9.
Li Z Mizuno S Nakamura T 《American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology》2007,292(2):G639-G646
Cholestasis, an impairment of bile outflux, frequently occurs in liver diseases. In this process, an overaccumulation of bile acids causes hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis, leading to advanced hepatitis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is mitogenic toward hepatocytes, but it is still unclear whether HGF has physiological and therapeutic functions during the progression of cholestasis. Using anti-HGF IgG or recombinant HGF in mice that had undergone bile duct ligation (BDL), we investigated the involvement of HGF in cholestasis-induced hepatitis. After the BDL surgery, HGF and c-Met mRNA levels transiently increased in livers during the progression of cholestatic hepatitis. When c-Met tyrosine phosphorylation was blocked in the livers of BDL-treated mice by anti-HGF IgG, hepatic dysfunction became evident, associated with the acceleration of hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis. Inversely, administration of recombinant HGF into the mice led to the prevention of cholestasis-induced inflammation: HGF suppressed the hepatic expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and neutrophil infiltration in BDL-treated mice. As a result, parenchymal necrosis was suppressed in the HGF-injected BDL mice. In addition, HGF supplement therapy reduced the number of apoptotic hepatocytes in cholestatic mice, associated with the early induction of Bcl-xL. The administration of HGF enhanced hepatic repair, via accelerating G1/S progression in hepatocytes. Our study showed that 1) upregulation of HGF production is required for protective mechanisms against cholestatic hepatitis and 2) enhancement of the intrinsic defense system by adding HGF may be a reasonable strategy to attenuate hepatic inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis under bile-congestive conditions. 相似文献
10.
Antioxidant Properties of Bromocriptine, a Dopamine Agonist 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Toshikazu Yoshikawa† Yukiko Minamiyama Yuji Naito Motoharu Kondo 《Journal of neurochemistry》1994,62(3):1034-1038
Abstract: It has been suggested that free radicals may adversely influence the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We conducted this study to determine whether bro-mocriptine, an agent widely used for treating parkinsonism, possesses antioxidant effects. Bromocriptine scavenged superoxide produced from a superoxide generating system (hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase) by the spin-trapping method using electron spin resonance. Bromocriptine had a strong scavenging effect on the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline- N -oxide hydroxide signal produced from Fenton's reaction. Bromocriptine also attenuated the stable free radical diphenyl- p -picrylhydrazyl signal. This drug inhibited the autooxidation of rat brain homogenates in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Autooxidation of brain homogenates collected from rats treated with bromocriptine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 3 days) was significantly reduced as compared with values in untreated rat homogenates. These observations suggest that bromocriptine is a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. 相似文献