Differential levels of antioxidants in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible Erigeron canadensis biotypes in Korea

To characterize the biochemical differences in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Erigeron canadensis L. collected from Korea, we investigated the constitutive levels of various antioxidants such as antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight antioxidants in leaves, as well as after paraquat treatment. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were higher in the paraquat-resistant biotype than in the paraquat-susceptible biotype. Reduced ascorbic acid content was higher in the resistant biotype, but the content of reduced glutathione was higher in the susceptible biotype. These results indicate that one of the paraquat-resistant mechanisms in E. canadensis in the present study might be related to protecting the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase, as well as the contents of low molecular weight antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione.     

Physiological basis of differential phytotoxic activity between fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and cyhalofop-butyl-treated barnyardgrass

This study investigated the physiological causes of differences in phytotoxic symptoms shown in barnyardgrass from foliar applications of the herbicides fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and cyhalofop-butyl. When these were applied to the third leaves of the whole plant, the chlorosis and desiccation in the third leaf was greater in fenoxaprop-P-ethyl than cyhalofop-butyl. However, initial growth inhibition of the fourth leaf was greater when using cyhalofop-butyl than when using fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. In the shoot regrowth test, regrowth at five days after treatment (DAT) was smaller in cyhalofop-butyl than in fenoxaprop-P-ethyl; the regrowth at 10 DAT exhibited the reverse trend. The chlorosis (decrease of chlorophylls: carotenoids ratio) in barnyardgrass leaf segments that were floated on herbicide solution was greater in the fenoxaprop-P-ethyl treatment. These results indicate that different herbicidal responses induced by the two herbicides are likely to be related to differential translocation and metabolism. The relatively light chlorosis and desiccation in treated leaves, severe cessation of initial growth (but a lower final herbicidal efficacy in the cyhalofop-butyl treatment) are probably related to its rapid translocation to the meristem region from the treated leaf, followed by faster metabolism. In contrast, the relatively greater chlorosis and desiccation compared to inhibition of initial growth in the fenoxaprop-P-ethyl treatment is likely to be related to its relatively slower translocation and metabolism in the treated leaf.     

Evidence of density-dependent effects on population variation of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) off Korea

Interannual variation of some biological parameters for the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, population in Korean waters was investigated using scientific surveys and fisheries information since the late 1970s. The abundance and geographical coverage of sardine eggs were high (peak in 1986) and broad when spawning biomasses were high in the mid 1980s, and vice versa in the late 1970s and the early 1990s. Also, feeding and spawning areas based on fisheries information exhibited the same pattern of expansion/contraction as seen in ichthyoplankton surveys. Annual Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI) in spawning season (February to April) and the size at age 1 of sardine were reduced during the high abundance period. It is suggested that density‐dependent effects on the reproduction and growth of the sardine population in Korean waters existed.     

WTO带给我国农业机械化的机遇和挑战

分析了我国加入WTO以后，农业机械化事业所面临的有利条件和发展机遇，以及农业机械化发展所面临的不利因素和新的背景条件；论述了我国在农业机械结构调整、农业机械化管理体制及农业和农业机械化政策等方面采取相应的对策，以适应新形式下农业机械化事业健康发展的要求。     

醋糟的营养价值及其在饲料生产中的应用

醋糟是固态发酵法酿造食醋过程中的副产物,其成分会因原料和加工工艺的不同而存在差异。在畜禽养殖中,醋糟主要作为一种非常规饲料原料直接或者经发酵处理后应用于动物饲料中。近年来也有醋糟被用作生产纤维素酶和植酸酶的研究报道。虽然在畜禽养殖中已经得到一定程度的应用,但是目前大部分的醋糟还是被闲置。醋糟的纤维含量偏高,粗蛋白含量偏低,直接作为饲料原料饲喂畜禽营养价值较低。这可能是限制醋糟在畜禽养殖中应用的主要原因之一。目前,醋糟尚不能被充分利用而造成资源浪费和环境污染,迫切需要进一步深入和系统地挖掘其应用潜力。     

Association between biogeographical factors and boreal lake fish assemblages

Abstract  Five regions in insular Newfoundland Canada, comprising 152 lakes, were studied to identify associations between species composition (presence and absence), geographical location and environmental variables (pH, area, depth, alkalinity, secchi disc depth and shoreline development factor). Correspondence analysis and canonical variate analysis were used to distinguish regional patterns. Five biologically and environmentally distinct areas were identified. The degree of association between biological, environmental and geographical distances were contrasted using Mantel's test. Regional fish community structure was significantly correlated with large-scale geographical distance but not with environmental parameters or small scale distance. It was proposed that large scale processes such as post-glacial dispersion, climate and recent species introductions are important determinates in structuring regional fish assemblages. Differences in individual lake character were important determinates in intraregional variability in fish assemblage type. Sampling strategies for regional modelling and management are discussed.     

鲫皮肤蛋白质组双向电泳与部分蛋白点的质谱鉴定

为了建立鱼类皮肤蛋白质组双向电泳图谱及质谱鉴定,以鲫为实验动物,采用蛋白双向电泳(2-DE)结合基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS)技术,进行鲫皮肤的蛋白质组学研究。结果表明,当上样量为800μg,采用18 cm、p H3~10 IPG胶条,等电聚焦80 000 Vh,2-DE图谱检测为214个皮肤蛋白点,匹配率达88%;对其中31个蛋白点进行MS/MS鉴定为22种蛋白,包括肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白、角蛋白、锌指蛋白585B、效应蛋白Rab15、卷曲螺旋结构域蛋白168、NCK1相关蛋白,肌酸激酶、烯醇化酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶、腺苷酸激酶同工酶等;进行蛋白功能聚类(GO)分析发现12种生物学过程,主要参与代谢、细胞、有机体、免疫应答、生物调节和信号等过程。本研究首次初步揭示鲫皮肤蛋白质组及分子机制,以期为鱼类病害的预防和治疗提供科学参考。     

斑马鱼肠道细菌的16S rDNA分子鉴定及PCR-SSCP分析

为了解斑马鱼Danio rerio肠道细菌多样性,采用细菌分离纯化、16S r DNA基因分子鉴定技术,对斑马鱼肠道细菌进行PCR-SSCP分析。结果表明:从斑马鱼肠道分离纯化出12株细菌,分别命名为Zf1、Zf2、Zf3、Zf4、Zf5、Zf6、Zf7、Zf8、Zf9、Zf10、Zf11和Zf12,其中对7株分离菌构建p MD18-T/16S r DNA的阳性克隆测序显示,Zf1、Zf11菌株与Aeromonas veronii的16S rDNA序列一致性为99%,Zf4、Zf8菌株与Sphingomonas sp.的一致性为99%,Zf5菌株与Bacillus subtilis的一致性为99%,Zf7菌株与Aeromonas sp.M10的一致性为99%,Zf10菌株与uncultured bacterium clone GI3-M-5-G01的一致性为92%;16S r DNA分子鉴定表明,Zf1、Zf7和Zf11属于气单胞菌属Aeromonas,Zf4、Zf8属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas,Zf5属于芽孢杆菌属Bacillus,Zf10为一种新菌株;采用PCR-SSCP技术对12株细菌16S r DNA基因V3区进行多态性分析,结果显示,斑马鱼肠道细菌16S r DNA基因V3区存在多态性,其中Zf1与Zf11菌株带型一致,Zf4与Zf8菌株带型一致。本研究结果可为揭示鱼类肠道菌群结构对其生命活动的影响提供科学参考。