磺化层柱状有机膦酸锆的合成及催化反应研究

在氢氟酸溶液中,混合亚磷酸、4,4’-联苯二膦酸和锆离子反应生成4,4’-联苯二膦酸锆／亚磷酸锆（简称MCZP）,改变有机酸和亚磷酸的比例,可以合成具有相同组分但结构不同的一系列化合物。通过磺化反应,在苯环上接上磺酸基团后,它具有类似强酸性阳离子交换树脂特性．该文首次对这类化合物催化酯化、醚化等典型的酸催化有机反应进行了研究,结果表明其催化转化率高、催化剂可重复使用和再生,是一种很有发展前途的新型固体酸催化剂．     

A direction-dependent shear strength criterion for rock joints with two new roughness parameters

The surface morphology of a rock joint is closely related to its mechanical properties. To reasonably characterize a rock surface, two new roughness parameters were proposed in this paper. One is related to the average slope angle of asperities that contribute to the shear strength, and the other reflects the frictional behavior of asperities that is defined as the maximum possible contact area in the shear direction. Taking the standard joint roughness coefficient profiles as example, these two roughness parameters can be applied to describe the directional characteristics of shear strength. Based on their relationships with initial dilation angles, the proposed roughness parameters were incorporated into a peak shear strength criterion. It is shown that the predicted peak shear strength is consistent with experimental data, and there is a power–law relationship. The application range of new roughness parameters was determined, which may facilitate a measurement process.     

秋季东海黑潮锋面涡旋的特点

本文根据１９８８年１０月２０～２４日“向阳红０９号”调查船在奄美大岛以西海区进行调查时,在陆架斜坡上的表均温层的底部,即５０ｍ附近的深层上,出现一个黑潮锋面涡。不论在平面上形成的特点,还是在断面上水系配置的形式,它与春季黑潮锋面涡的特征极为相似。说明秋季东海同样存在陆架水与黑潮水在水平方向交换与混合。     

联合GPS和InSAR观测结果计算汶川地震三维地表形变

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中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度

由于中国城市扩展导致部分气象站点被动进入城市内部,从而造成对区域气温的高估.本文利用遥感多期影像对中国700多个气象站点各历史时期的下垫面进行判别,得到\"进城\"站点及其进城时间.通过比较\"进城\"站点的观测数据和背景气温,计算出70年代以来\"进城\"气象站点上的平均热岛效应强度,并对热岛效应强度的季节性筹异进行了分析,得出70年代以来秋冬季节的热岛强度高于春季和夏季的结沦.通过比较真实气温和背景气温的空间数据,识别出了气温高估区域,得出中国东部地区的气温高估略高于中部地区,东部地区和中部地区的气温高估均远高于西部地区的结论.通过计算真实气温和背景气温序列的年平均气温变化趋势,得出近40年来全国的增温值约为1.58℃,其中凶城市扩展带来的增温贡献约为0.01℃,在气温高估的核心区域的贡献约为0.09℃.     

Systematic marine conservation planning in data-poor regions: Socioeconomic data is essential

Systematic planning for conservation is highly regarded but relies on spatially explicit data that are lacking in many areas of conservation concern. The decision support tool Marxan is applied to a reef system in the central Philippines where 30 marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established in communities without much use of biophysical data. The intent was to explore how Marxan might assist with the legally required expansion to protect 15% of marine waters, and how existing MPAs might affect that process. Results show that biophysical information alone did not provide much guidance in identifying patterns of conservation importance in areas where the data are poor. Socioeconomic data were needed to distinguish among possible areas for protection; but here, as elsewhere in marine environments, the availability of such data was very limited. In the final analysis, local knowledge and integrated understanding of socioeconomic realities may offer the best spatially explicit information. The 30 existing MPAs, which encompassed a small proportion of the reef system, did not limit future options in developing a suite of MPAs on a broader scale. Rather, they appeared to generate the support for MPAs that is obligatory for any larger zoning effort. In summary, establishing MPAs based on community-driven criteria has biological and social value, but efforts should be made to collect ecological and socioeconomic data to guide the continued creation of MPAs.     

吞噬微囊藻的鞭毛虫的培养

从一个有水华发生的池塘里采集分离到一种能吞噬微囊藻的动基体目鞭毛虫(Kinetoplastida),存光学显微镜及激光共聚焦显微镜下观察了该鞭毛虫的形态特征,初步探讨了它的培养方法.该鞭毛虫以集胞藻、微囊藻、鱼腥藻、小球藻以及蛋黄、奶粉、大肠杆菌和酵母为食物进行培养,结果集胞藻、微囊藻、奶粉、蛋黄、及酵母都是该鞭毛虫很好的食物.该鞭毛虫易于培养,繁殖迅速,培养成本低廉,有应用于生态环境中控制微囊藻水华的可能.     

地理学的逻辑方法和基本法则

从科学哲学和科学学的角度考察地理学思想史,可以发现:地理学之所以徘徊于科学性不强的“经验科学”的水平,关键在于其科学的理论化和系统化不够。本文对地理学的逻辑方法及其公理系统作了初步探讨,并尝试就此推演地理定理,估计地理学的未来发展趋势。