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1.
In most industrialized countries, the end of the Cold War marked a change in focus from preparedness for war to an increasing focus on civil society's own vulnerability and safety. To meet new threats and changing risks, there is also a need for new analytical concepts. Societal safety is a concept developed in Norway during the last decade. It could be defined as: ‘The society's ability to maintain critical social functions, to protect the life and health of the citizens and to meet the citizens' basic requirements in a variety of stress situations’. It aims to be a systematic approach for understanding, mitigating and responding to social problems such as extraordinary stresses and losses, interferences in complex and mutual dependent systems, or lack of trust in vital social institutions. Future threats to society are not limited to specific sectors or areas, but stem from complex interactions amongst economic, technological, social and cultural factors. Thus, the main challenges to improve societal safety will be the ability to coordinate, organize and assign clear roles to different actors at the international, national and local levels. Societal safety has interfaces with other safety‐related areas such as national security, sustainable development, human security and incident management (handling of isolated accidents, common illness and ordinary criminal acts). Societal safety is, however, a sensitive political issue containing dilemmas and value choices that are hardly possible to perceive or solve as pure scientific problems. 相似文献
2.
An Operator-integration-factor splitting method for time-dependent problems: Application to incompressible fluid flow 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper we present a simple, general methodology for the generation of high-order operator decomposition (splitting) techniques for the solution of time-dependent problems arising in ordinary and partial differential equations. The new approach exploits operator integration factors to reduce multiple-operator equations to an associated series of single-operator initial-value subproblems. Two illustrations of the procedure are presented: the first, a second-order method in time applied to velocity-pressure decoupling in the incompressible Stokes problem; the second, a third-order method in time applied to convection-Stokes decoupling in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Critical open questions are briefly described. 相似文献
3.
Alex Mayer Enrique R. Vivoni David Kossak Kathleen E. Halvorsen Agustin Robles Morua 《Water Resources Management》2017,31(15):4731-4744
Participatory modeling workshops were held in Sonora, México, with the goal of developing water resources management strategies in a water-stressed basin. A model of the water resources system, consisting of watershed hydrology, water resources infrastructure, and groundwater models, was developed deliberatively in the workshops, along with scenarios of future climate and development. Participants used the final version of the water resources systems model to select management strategies. The performance of the strategies was based on the reliability of meeting current and future demands at a daily time scale over a year’s period. Pre- and post-workshop surveys were developed and administered. The survey questions focused on evaluation of participants’ modeling capacity and the utility and accuracy of the models. The selected water resources strategies and the associated, expected reliability varied widely among participants. Most participants could be clustered into three groups with roughly equal numbers of participants that varied in terms of reliance on expanding infrastructure vs. demand modification; expectations of reliability; and perceptions of social, environmental, and economic impacts. The wide range of strategies chosen and associated reliabilities indicate that there is a substantial degree of uncertainty in how future water resources decisions could be made in the region. The pre- and post-survey results indicate that participants believed their modeling abilities increased and beliefs in the utility of models increased as a result of the workshops. 相似文献
4.
Feature selection is an important aspect of solving data-mining and machine-learning problems. This paper proposes a feature-selection
method for the Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning. Like most feature-selection methods, the proposed method ranks all features
in decreasing order of importance so that more relevant features can be identified. It uses a novel criterion based on the
probabilistic outputs of SVM. This criterion, termed Feature-based Sensitivity of Posterior Probabilities (FSPP), evaluates
the importance of a specific feature by computing the aggregate value, over the feature space, of the absolute difference
of the probabilistic outputs of SVM with and without the feature. The exact form of this criterion is not easily computable
and approximation is needed. Four approximations, FSPP1-FSPP4, are proposed for this purpose. The first two approximations
evaluate the criterion by randomly permuting the values of the feature among samples of the training data. They differ in
their choices of the mapping function from standard SVM output to its probabilistic output: FSPP1 uses a simple threshold
function while FSPP2 uses a sigmoid function. The second two directly approximate the criterion but differ in the smoothness
assumptions of criterion with respect to the features. The performance of these approximations, used in an overall feature-selection
scheme, is then evaluated on various artificial problems and real-world problems, including datasets from the recent Neural
Information Processing Systems (NIPS) feature selection competition. FSPP1-3 show good performance consistently with FSPP2
being the best overall by a slight margin. The performance of FSPP2 is competitive with some of the best performing feature-selection
methods in the literature on the datasets that we have tested. Its associated computations are modest and hence it is suitable
as a feature-selection method for SVM applications.
Editor: Risto Miikkulainen. 相似文献
5.
Andreas Petlund Paul Beskow Jon Pedersen Espen Søgård Paaby Carsten Griwodz Pål Halvorsen 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2009,45(1-3):33-60
A large number of network services rely on IP and reliable transport protocols. For applications that provide abundant data for transmission, loss is usually handled satisfactorily, even if the application is latency-sensitive (Wang et al. 2004). For data streams where small packets are sent intermittently, however, applications can occasionally experience extreme latencies (Griwodz and Halvorsen 2006). As it is not uncommon that such thin-stream applications are time-dependent, any unnecessarily induced delay can have severe consequences for the service provided. Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) are a defining example of thin streams. Many MMOGs (like World of Warcraft and Age of Conan) use TCP for the benefits of reliability, in-order delivery and NAT/firewall traversal. It has been shown that TCP has several shortcomings with respect to the latency requirements of thin streams because of the way it handles retransmissions (Griwodz and Halvorsen 2006). As such, an alternative to TCP may be SCTP (Stewart et al. 2000), which was originally developed to meet the requirements of signaling transport. In this paper, we evaluate the Linux-kernel SCTP implementation in the context of thin streams. To address the identified latency challenges, we propose sender-side only enhancements that reduce the application-layer latency in a manner that is compatible with unmodified receivers. These enhancements can be switched on by applications and are used only when the system identifies the stream as thin. To evaluate the latency performance, we have performed several tests over various real networks and over an emulated network, varying parameters like RTT, packet loss and amount of competing cross traffic. When comparing our modifications with SCTP on Linux and FreeBSD and TCP New Reno, our results show great latency improvements and indicate the need for a separate handling of thin and thick streams. 相似文献
6.
Bin Xiao Tao Dong Einar Halvorsen Zhaochu Yang Yulong Zhang Nils Hoivik Dandan Gu Nhut Minh Tran Henrik Jakobsen 《Microsystem Technologies》2011,17(1):115-125
This paper presents the design and fabrication of a micro Pirani gauge using VO
x
as the sensitive material for monitoring the pressure inside a hermetical package for micro bolometer focal plane arrays
(FPAs). The designed Pirani gauge working in heat dissipating mode was intentionally fabricated using standard MEMS processing
which is highly compatible with the FPAs fabrication. The functional layer of the micro Pirani gauge is a VO
x
thin film designed as a 100 × 200 μm pixel, suspended 2 μm above the substrate. By modeling of rarefied gas heat conduction
using the Extended Fourier’s law, finite element analysis is used to investigate the sensitivity of the pressure gauge. Also
the thermal interactions between the micro Pirani gauge and bolometer FPAs are verified. From the fabricated prototype, the
measured device TCR is about −0.8% K−1 and the sensitivity about 1.84 × 10−3 W K−1 mbar−1. 相似文献
7.
Esther Hontañón Marcel Rouenhoff Alfredo Azabal Emilio Ramiro Frank Einar Kruis 《Aerosol science and technology》2014,48(3):333-339
An existing differential mobility analyzer (DMA) of cylindrical electrodes and a novel DMA of rectangular plate electrodes are demonstrated for size fractionation of nanoparticles at high-aerosol flow rates in this work. The two DMAs are capable of delivering monodisperse size selected nanoparticles (SMPS σg < 1.1) at gas flow rates ranging from 200 slm to 500 slm. At an aerosol flow rate of 200 slm, the maximum attainable particle mean size is of about 20 nm for the cylindrical DMA and of nearly 50 nm for the rectangular plate DMA. The number concentration of the monodisperse nanoparticles delivered by the high-flow DMAs spans from 104 cm?3 to 106 cm?3 depending upon the particle mean size and particle size dispersion.
Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research 相似文献
8.
Technological change as a trade-off between social construction and technological paradigms 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The theory of social construction of technology (SCOT) and the theory of technological paradigms (TTP) are normally regarded as competing or even incompatible perspectives on technological change. In this paper, we show how and when the perspectives are complementary by comparing how the theories conceptualise technology development, understand stakeholders, and determine driving forces for technological change. When stakeholders have different relations to the innovation process, and when the outcome of the innovation process is open, we argue that the two theories could be complementary tools for analysing the process. When using SCOT and TTP as complementary analytical tools, it becomes easier to understand and design innovation processes in which different stakeholders are attached to roles where they are able to contribute in the most productive ways. 相似文献
9.
Simpson Ian B. K. Bensted David J. Dawalibi Farid Blix Einar D. 《Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on》1987,(3):490-497
In large plants with high primary fault levels, the whole plant must be considered as forming the ground grid for the return of primary fault current. The internal impedance of the equivalent ground grid must be taken into account in grid potential rise calculations, as grid potentials transferred from one area of the plant may cause hazardous touch potentials at other locations. Field measurements and computer analyses to calculate the distribution of grid potential rise in a large grounding system are presented. 相似文献
10.
Kinematics of the heart: strain-rate imaging from time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast MRI
Selskog P Heiberg E Ebbers T Wigström L Karlsson M 《IEEE transactions on medical imaging》2002,21(9):1105-1109
A four-dimensional mapping (three spatial dimensions + time) of myocardial strain-rate would help to describe the mechanical properties of the myocardium, which affect important physiological factors such as the pumping performance of the ventricles. Strain-rate represents the local instantaneous deformation of the myocardium and can be calculated from the spatial gradients of the velocity field. Strain-rate has previously been calculated using one-dimensional (ultrasound) or two-dimensional (2-D) magnetic resonance imaging) techniques. However, this assumes that myocardial motion only occurs in one direction or in one plane, respectively. This paper presents a method for calculation of the time-resolved three-dimensional (3-D) strain-rate tensor using velocity vector information in a 3-D spatial grid during the whole cardiac cycle. The strain-rate tensor provides full information of both magnitude and direction of the instantaneous deformation of the myocardium. A method for visualization of the full 3-D tensor is also suggested. The tensors are visualized using ellipsoids, which display the principal directions of strain-rate and the ratio between strain-rate magnitude in each direction. The presented method reveals the principal strain-rate directions without a priori knowledge of myocardial motion directions. 相似文献