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1.
Barrier options are financial derivative contracts that are activated or deactivated according to the crossing of specified
barriers by an underlying asset price. Exact models for pricing barrier options assume continuous monitoring of the underlying
dynamics, usually a stock price. Barrier options in traded markets, however, nearly always assume less frequent observation,
e.g. daily or weekly. These situations require approximate solutions to the pricing problem. We present a new approach to
pricing such discretely monitored barrier options that may be applied in many realistic situations. In particular, we study
daily monitored up-and-out call options of the European type with a single underlying stock. The approach is based on numerical
approximation of the transition probability density associated with the stochastic differential equation describing the stock
price dynamics, and provides accurate results in less than one second whenever a contract expires in a year or less. The flexibility
of the method permits more complex underlying dynamics than the Black and Scholes paradigm, and its relative simplicity renders
it quite easy to implement. 相似文献
2.
Carbon membranes from cellulose and metal loaded cellulose 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jon Arvid Lie 《Carbon》2005,43(12):2600-2607
The focus of this work was to find a low-cost precursor for carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes, and a simple way of producing them. In addition, several ways of modifying a carbon material are described. The modification method used in this study was metal doping of carbon. CMS membranes were formed by vacuum carbonization of cellulose and metal loaded cellulose. Metal additives include oxides of Ca, Mg, Fe(III) and Si, and nitrates of Ag, Cu and Fe(III).The carbon membrane containing Fe-nitrate has promising separation performance for the gas pairs O2/N2 and CO2/CH4. Carbon containing nitrates of Cu or Ag show high selectivity, but reduced O2 and CO2 permeability compared to carbon with Fe-nitrate. Element analysis indicates that Cu migrates to the carbon surface, creating an extra layer resistance to gas transport. A silver mirror is also seen on the surface of Ag-nitrate-containing carbon. However, the Ag- and Cu-containing membranes show a high H2 permeability. Adding metal oxides makes the carbon membranes retard the transport of easily condensable gases (e.g. CO2). This can be exploited for enhanced H2/CO2 separation efficiency. 相似文献
3.
The need for structural rehabilitation of concrete structures all over the world is well known. Extensive amounts of research have been carried out and are ongoing in this field. Most of the laboratory research has been undertaken on structural elements without live load during the strengthening process. Normally owners of structures want to continue their activity or service during strengthening. Full-scale applications have shown that this is possible, but there is a lack of understanding as to how cyclic loads are distributed during strengthening; for example, traffic loads affect the final strengthening result. This paper presents laboratory tests on concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates and near-surface mounted reinforcement. The beams were subjected to a cyclic load during setting of the adhesive, and after additional hardening were then loaded by deformation control up to failure. 相似文献
4.
Arvid Kauppi Johan Wikström Bengt Sandblad Arne W. Andersson 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2006,8(1):50-56
Improving train traffic control can be a cost-efficient way to improve train traffic punctuality and increase utilization
of existing and future railway infrastructure. However, performance in train traffic control tasks currently involves working
on a technical level in order to regulate the traffic flow. Working in a preventive manner is poorly supported and train traffic
controllers are usually restricted to just solving problems as they occur. This often results in unnecessarily long delays
and decreased timeliness of train traffic. The main objective of this paper is to describe a proposed control strategy and
a case study, which evaluates the control strategy and the prototype tool derived from the research. By shifting the control
paradigm to a high-level control strategy, many of today’s problems may be avoided, with benefits of the reduction in delays,
improved timeliness and better utilization of the infrastructure. Twenty-one train traffic controllers participated in a case
study, with a simulated prototype environment. The majority of the participating train traffic controllers were positive to
the new concepts and ideas. Many of the important aspects of the proposed control strategy can be investigated with the simulation,
but due to the complexity of train traffic some issues must be evaluated in an operative environment. 相似文献
5.
6.
In this paper, we consider the detailed characteristics of the standard sequential test of a simple hypothesis versus a single alternative for the case of the binomial distribution. A method is developed which permits evaluation of the associated probabilities of acceptance and/or rejection of the null hypothesis at each stage. From this information, the quantitative features of the test (Operating Characteristic and test termination probability) are completely determined. Curves are presented to facilitate assessment of the sequential procedure in practical cases. A sequential test is compared with a fixed sample size test having approximately the same Operating Characteristic. Wald's approximation for the average sample number is compared with exact values. 相似文献
7.
The race for creating an automated patch clamp has begun. Here, we present a novel technology to produce true gigaseals and whole cell preparations at a high rate. Suspended cells are flushed toward the tip of glass micropipettes. Seal, whole-cell break-in, and pipette/liquid handling are fully automated. Extremely stable seals and access resistance guarantee high recording quality. Data obtained from different cell types sealed inside pipettes show long-term stability, voltage clamp and seal quality, as well as block by compounds in the pM range. A flexible array of independent electrode positions minimizes consumables consumption at maximal throughput. Pulled micropipettes guarantee a proven gigaseal substrate with ultra clean and smooth surface at low cost. 相似文献
8.
Krumhuber Eva; Manstead Antony S. R.; Cosker Darren; Marshall Dave; Rosin Paul L.; Kappas Arvid 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,7(4):730
Detecting cooperative partners in situations that have financial stakes is crucial to successful social exchange. The authors tested whether humans are sensitive to subtle facial dynamics of counterparts when deciding whether to trust and cooperate. Participants played a 2-person trust game before which the facial dynamics of the other player were manipulated using brief ( 相似文献
9.
The formation of Mannich bases from secondary aliphatic amines and primary alkoxymethyl compounds of urea and melamine in basic media have been studied. The rate of formation of the Mannich base is equal to the rate of decomposition of the alkoxymethyl compound. This is explained by a reaction of the amine with the Schiff base, the intermediate formed during the alkoxymethyl decomposition. In a mixture of primary alkoxymethyl and hydroxymethyl compounds of urea and melamine, the amine reacts almost selectively with the alkoxymethyl compound. An analytical method for the determination of primary dimethylene ether groups of primary alkoxymethyl groups in mixture with hydroxymethyl groups is developed. 相似文献
10.
Mathias Kersemans Arvid Martens Koen Van Den Abeele Joris Degrieck Filip Zastavnik Lincy Pyl Hugo Sol Wim Van Paepegem 《Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation》2014,33(4):522-534
In this paper, the hybrid compliance-stiffness matrix method for simulating wave propagation in (delaminated) multilayered media with viscoelastic anisotropy has been confronted with high-quality amplitude and phase experiments on delaminated composites, obtained using the ultrasonic polar scan setup (UPS) in transmission by considering harmonic as well as pulsed ultrasound. Results are presented for multiple thin carbon/epoxy laminates with an artificial edge delamination induced by a foil insert, showing a good agreement between experimental recording and numerical modeling. The obtained results further reveal the feasibility of the harmonic UPS to detect and even locate the depth-position of multiple delaminations in fiber reinforced composites. Considering that the harmonic UPS method does not rely on the detection of different echoes like the classical C-scan, but rather expounds the conditions for efficient stimulation of guided waves in the solid, the method is found to be highly suited for inspecting thin composite materials for the presence of delaminations. 相似文献