High-performance MIM capacitor using ALD high-k HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate dielectrics

For the first time, we successfully fabricated and demonstrated high performance metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors with HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate dielectric using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. Our data indicates that the laminate MIM capacitor can provide high capacitance density of 12.8 fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/ from 10 kHz up to 20 GHz, very low leakage current of 3.2 /spl times/ 10/sup -8/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 3.3 V, small linear voltage coefficient of capacitance of 240 ppm/V together with quadratic one of 1830 ppm/V/sup 2/, temperature coefficient of capacitance of 182 ppm//spl deg/C, and high breakdown field of /spl sim/6 MV/cm as well as promising reliability. As a result, the HfO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laminate is a very promising candidate for next generation MIM capacitor for radio frequency and mixed signal integrated circuit applications.     

Orthorhombic Materials and Perfect Lenses

The potential of orthorhombic materials for perfect lenses is theoretically examined.     

APPLICATIONS MAINTENANCE OUTSOURCING An Alternative to Total Outsourcing

Appropriately structured arrangements for systems maintenance outsourcing can yield significant benefits to many organizations. This article reviews methods for assessing potential maintenance outsourcing suppliers, for defining service criteria, and for evaluating contract terms.     

Evaluation of ProKappa

ProKappa is an expert system tool kit developed by IntelliCorp in C using X-Windows for graphical interface. The SUN 3 or 4 version costs $9995/£7000 and $2595/£1800 for the interactive C environment.
This review covers ProKappa version 1.1, installed on a colour SUN SPARC Station 1 with the minimum recommended values of 12 Mb of memory and 30 Mb of swap space.
IntelliCorp can be contacted in the USA at 1975 El Camino Real West, Mountain View, CA 94040-2216 (+1 (415) 965-5500) and in the UK at 10 Jewry Street, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 8RZ (+44 (0)962 735348).     

Optimal algorithms for adjacent side routing

We consider the switchbox routing problem of two-terminal nets in the case when all thek nets lie on two adjacent sides of the rectangle. Our routing model is the standard two-layer model. We develop an optimal algorithm that routes all the nets whenever a routing exists. The routing obtained uses the fewest possible number of vias. A more general version of this problem (adjacent staircase) is also optimally solved.This research was supported in part by NSA Contract No. MDA-904-85H-0015, NSF Grant No. DCR-86-00378, and by NSF Engineering Research Centers Program NSFD CDR 88003012.     

Atmospheric corrosion of reference metals in Antarctic sites

This paper presents the results obtained at three Antarctic test sites participating in the “Ibero-American Map of Atmospheric Corrosiveness” (MICAT), a project on atmospheric corrosion carried out during the period 1988–1994 at some 70 sites distributed across 12 countries of the Latin-American region, Spain and Portugal. The three Antarctic sites are located near the coastline.The singular climatic characteristics of Antarctic regions are related with the purity of the air, the absence of rainfall and the formation of ice on the metallic surface during an important part of the exposure time. However, electrochemical activity is possible below ice layers. This situation affects the structure and morphology of corrosion product films and the resulting corrosion rates of metallic surfaces.     

Parallel path consistency

Filtering algorithms are well accepted as a means of speeding up the solution of the consistent labeling problem (CLP). Despite the fact that path consistency does a better job of filtering than arc consistency, AC is still the preferred technique because it has a much lower time complexity. We are implementing parallel path consistency algorithms on multiprocessors and comparing their performance to the best sequential and parallel arc consistency algorithms.^(1,2) (See also work by Kerethoet al. ⁽³⁾ and Kasif⁽⁴⁾) Preliminary work has shown linear performance increases for parallelized path consistency and also shown that in many cases performance is significantly better than the theoretical worst case. These two results lead us to believe that parallel path consistency may be a superior filtering technique. Finally, we have implemented path consistency as an outer product computation and have obtained good results (e.g., linear speedup on a 64K-node Connection Machine 2).     

Ultra-wideband bandpass filter with hybrid microstrip/CPW structure

A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) is presented using the hybrid microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure. A CPW nonuniform resonator or multiple-mode resonator (MMR) is constructed to produce its first three resonant modes occurring around the lower end, center, and higher end of the UWB band. Then, a microstrip/CPW surface-to-surface coupled line is formed and modeled to allocate the enhanced coupling peak around the center of this UWB band, i.e., 6.85GHz. As such, a five-pole UWB BPF is built up and realized with the passband covering the entire UWB band (3.1-10.6GHz). A predicted frequency response is finally verified by the experiment. In addition, the designed UWB filter, with a single resonator, only occupies one full-wavelength in length or 16.9mm.     

Evaluation of Digitally Encoded Layer‐by‐layer Coated Microparticles as Cell Carriers

To obtain more biologically relevant data there is a growing interest in the use of living cells for assaying the biological activity of unknown chemical compounds. Density ‘multiplex’ cell‐based assays, where different cell types are mixed in one well and simultaneously investigated upon exposure to a certain compound are beginning to emerge. To be able to identify the cells they should be attached to microscopic carriers that are encoded. This paper investigates how digitally encoded microparticles can be loaded with cells while keeping the digital code in the microcarriers readable. It turns out that coating the surface of the encoded microcarriers with polyelectrolytes using the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) approach provides the microcarriers with a ‘highly functional’ surface. The polyelectrolyte layer allows the growth of the cells, allows the orientation of the cell loaded microcarriers in a magnetic field, and does not hamper the reading of the code. It has further been shown that the cells growing on the polyelectrolyte layer can become transduced by adenoviral particles hosted by the polyelectrolyte layer. It is concluded that the digitally encoded microparticles are promising materials for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical in‐vitro research where cells are used as tools.