In most industrialized countries, the end of the Cold War marked a change in focus from preparedness for war to an increasing focus on civil society's own vulnerability and safety. To meet new threats and changing risks, there is also a need for new analytical concepts. Societal safety is a concept developed in Norway during the last decade. It could be defined as: ‘The society's ability to maintain critical social functions, to protect the life and health of the citizens and to meet the citizens' basic requirements in a variety of stress situations’. It aims to be a systematic approach for understanding, mitigating and responding to social problems such as extraordinary stresses and losses, interferences in complex and mutual dependent systems, or lack of trust in vital social institutions. Future threats to society are not limited to specific sectors or areas, but stem from complex interactions amongst economic, technological, social and cultural factors. Thus, the main challenges to improve societal safety will be the ability to coordinate, organize and assign clear roles to different actors at the international, national and local levels. Societal safety has interfaces with other safety‐related areas such as national security, sustainable development, human security and incident management (handling of isolated accidents, common illness and ordinary criminal acts). Societal safety is, however, a sensitive political issue containing dilemmas and value choices that are hardly possible to perceive or solve as pure scientific problems. 相似文献
Cathodic disbonding and charge transport through paint films were studied as a function of polarization potential, temperature, dry-film thickness and cation type in the electrolyte. It was found that both the disbonding rate and the charge transport were linearly related to the polarization potential. The activation energy for the disbonding process and the charge transport were quite different. The disbonding rate was linearly related to the dry-film thickness and was dependent on the cation type in the electrolyte. This was not the case for the charge transport. The results indicate a rate controlling factor for the disbonding process involving transport of cations through the film where the film is already disbonded. A fundamental difference in the conductive properties of the paint film on either side of the disbonding front is also proposed. 相似文献
This paper aims to contribute to the goal of finding influential legal precedents by quantitative methods. A lot of work has been made in this direction worldwide, especially in the context of common law jurisdictions. However, this type of work is extremely scarce in the Brazilian literature. In addition, our work also contributes to the research of network analysis and the law by applying these methods to unprecedented amount of data and narrowing our inquiry to a single law area, corporate law. Furthermore, whereas most of the literature applying network analysis to judicial decisions had access to readily available data on the citations to precedent within each ruling, our raw data was nothing but the full text of decisions. We focus on data produced by the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), the highest court in Brazil for matters of federal law, including statutory interpretation of civil, criminal and corporate law. The Court issued an astonishing 282040 opinions tagged as related to corporate law between 2008 and 2018. This amount of cases is unparalleled internationally for superior courts and for studies in network analysis and law. In our results, we rank precedents quantitatively based on the citations they receive and make. We also qualitatively analyze some of the results, especially related to groups identified in the network with the Modularity algorithm. Our findings also reveal that corporate law jurisprudence in the STJ is quantitatively dominated by a few legal issues around one single theme that is only tangentially related to corporate law. That is, a type of contract used for the expansion of telephone landlines, which also allowed the consumer to become a shareholder of the telecommunication company. This comparison is especially pertinent because the utter lack of data on the quantitative weight of STJ precedents means the national literature has been operating in a void of objective measurements, one which has been filled with cherry-picked rulings and subjective ranking criteria.
Social media plays an increasingly prominent role in the interaction between impact assessments and society. Impact assessment is thus becoming part of social networks that are claimed to be able to improve interaction between actors in impact assessment processes. By investigating the use of social media in impact assessment and planning processes of national linear infrastructure development, we explore how social media impinge on participatory practices and how the potential of social media is realized in the current use related to public participation processes. The study focuses on experiences among national developers working in road, rail, electricity, gas, and metro infrastructures in Denmark. The article shows that the current use of social media in public participatory practices is limited to branding and on-way communication and that the increasing use of social media in linear infrastructure planning gives rise to a variety of concerns among developers that are related to especially organizational cultures, perception of the target groups, and prioritization of resources. 相似文献
The purpose of writing this Three Year Vision paper is threefold. Firstly, it briefly recaps the progress Semat has made thus
far; secondly, it lays out the future directions for people working actively within the Semat community; thirdly, it provides
the background for seeking funding support from agencies, such as the European Community and the like. Funding support is
necessary to sustain the ongoing activities of Semat and its growth into a broader community effort, as most people working
within Semat are volunteers. As such, the paper may be both too much and too little for the wider supporter base. However,
we intend to make our work fully transparent, hence, we publish it widely. We seek feedback and comments from supporters and
signatories in order to improve the vision. In this context, other companion papers are being written to better address the
specific needs for the practitioners, the industry and the academia. 相似文献
The mechanical behavior of MoSi2 reinforced–Si3N4 matrix composites was investigated as a function of MoSi2 phase content, MoSi2 phase size, and amount of MgO densification aid for the Si3N4 phase. Coarse-phase MoSi2-Si3N4 composites exhibited higher room-temperature fracture toughness than fine-phase composites, reaching values >8 MP·am1/2. Composite fracture toughness levels increased at elevated temperature. Fine-phase composites were stronger and more creep resistant than coarse phase composites. Room-temperature strengths >1000 MPa and impression creep rates of ∼10−8 s−1 at 1200°C were observed. Increased MgO levels generally were deleterious to MoSi2-Si3N4 mechanical properties. Internal stresses due to MoSi2 and Si3N4 thermal expansion coefficient mismatch appeared to contribute to fracture toughening in MoSi2-Si3N4 composites. 相似文献